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OFFICIAL GUIDE 



TO 



HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



EDITED BY 



THE HARVARD MEMORIAL SOCIETY 




CAMBRIDGE 

IPubltsbeb b^ tbe Xllntv>er0it^ 

1907 



L\i^.^. s"^ 



ruBRARYofCONa«E3S. 
I rwftCopIss Kecdivea 
DEC 31 I90f 

OUS$ 4 XXc >No. 
^COPY B. 



COPYRIGHT, 1907 
BY H'ARVARD UNIVERSITY 



PREFATORY NOTE 



The first edition of tliis Guide was prepared and pub- 
lished for the meeting of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science in .Cambridge, in August, 
1898. It was edited by Mr. Byron Satterlee Hurlbut, 
A.M. (H. U. '87), then ' Recording Secretary of the 
Faculty of Arts and Sciences. 

The next year a new edition, enlarged and with addi- 
tional illustrations, was prepared by Mr. William Garrott 
Brown, A.M. (H. U. '91), Deputy Keeper of the Uni- 
versity Archives, and was issued, with the permission of 
the President and Fellows o^ Harvard College, by the 
Harvard Memorial Society. The object of this Society, 
which was founded in 1895, is "to foster among students 
interest in the historical associations of Harvard and to 
perpetuate the traditions of her past," and to it has been 
appropriately committed the revision of this Guide and 
the preparation of successive editions. 

A new edition was issued in 1903, prepared by Mr. 
Brown with the assistance of Mr. Albert V. de Roode, 
of the Class of 1904, and Mr. Charles Greely Loring, 
of the Class of 1903. 



IV 



The present edition has been revised by Mr. Nathaniel 
C. Nash, Jr., and by Mr. William Leavitt Stoddard, both 
of the Class of 1907, Secretary and Treasurer respectively 
of the Memorial Society. 

The Memorial Society is under obligations to many 
persons for assistance rendered in the preparation of 
the Guide, —especially to the officers of the University 
who have written or revised the accounts of their several 
departments. 



William Coolidge Lane, 

President of the Harvard 3femorial Society/. 



Cambridge, 

August, 1907. 



INTRODUCTION 



THE UNIVERSITY 

TT ARVARD UNIVERSITY is an institution of learn- 
-'- ^ ing established under the laws of Massachusetts. 
It is made up of seventeen departments beside a number 
of museums, laboratories, and other establishments not 
usually reckoned as separate departments. It occupies a 
total area of more than 500 acres. Most of the buildings 
are in Cambridge and Boston. The quick capital of the 
University July 31, 1906, was $19,977,911.71. The 
value of the lands and buildings devoted to education 
and the advancement of learning was estimated at about 
twelve million dollars. The enrolment of students in all 
departments in 1906-07, including the Summer School of 
1906, was 5,110. The officers of instruction and admin- 
istration numbered 641. 

Foundation 

The title of University dates only from the year 1780, 
when the Massachusetts Constitution of that year referred 
to "the University at Cambridge." Until 1783, when 
medical lectures were first given, the institution was 
properly called Harvard College. 

Harvard College was founded in 1636. Oct. 2, 1636 
(Old Style), the Oeneral Court, as the legislature of 



Massachusetts Bay was called, passed the following 
vote : 

"The Court agree to give four Hundred Pounds 
towards a School or College, whereof two Hundred 
Pounds shall be paid the next year, and Two Hundred 
Pounds when the work is finished, and the next Court 
to appoint where and what building." 

The governor who approved this vote was Henry Yane, 
afterwards, as Sir Henry Vane, much distinguished in 
English histoi'y. The next year the Court voted that the 
College should be at Newtowne, and committed the work 
to twelve eminent men of the colony, among them John 
Winthrop, who preceded and succeeded Vane as governor, 
and John Cotton. The same year, the name of the town 
was changed to Cambridge, in honor of the English 
univei'sity where a number of the Colonists had been 
educated. In 1638, John Harvard, a nonconformist 
clergyman wlio had been in the colony about a year, 
dying at Charlestown, left his library of 260 volumes, 
and half his fortune, to the infant college. In his honor 
it was called Harvard College. In the year 1640, the 
first President, Henry Danster, entered upon his duties. 
Two years later, the first class, numbering nine, was 
graduated. 

Constitution 

The institution was thus founded, placed, and named. 
Its constitution has been changed several times, but two 
acts of the colonial legislature, each establishing a gov- 
erning board, have determined the general character of 
its government throughout its subsequent history. 

The first of these was passed in 1642, and established 
the Board of Overseers; the second in 1650, and estab- 



lished a board officially styled the President and Fellows 
of Harvard College, but always more commonly known 
as "The Corporation." These two boards govern the 
entire University. 

The Board of Overseers was at first made up of the 
Governor, the Deputy Governor, and the Magistrates of 
the Colony, " together with the teaching elders of the six 
next adjoining towns, — viz., Cambridge, Watertown, 
Charleslown, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester," and the 
President of the College. It necessarily included all the 
most prominent and powerful men of the Puritan com- 
monwealth, and the College government was therefore 
very like the government of Massachusetts Bay. But 
this body was soon found to be too large for the immedi- 
ate direction of the school, and in 1650 the General Court 
drew up an instrument of great interest which now hangs 
in the Librarian's room in Gore Hall. This document is 
the Charter of Harvard College. It is "the veritable 
source of collegiate authority " to-day, and the corpora- 
tion it established is the oldest in the country. 

The charter committed the property and the govern- 
ment of the College to seven persons, a President, a 
Treasurer, and five Fellows, who were empowered to fill 
vacancies in their number. The}^ were to elect the teach- 
ers and other officers, and to make all laws and orders, 
subject only to confirmation by the Overseers. The 
records of the President and Fellows, preserved in the 
archives of the University, are fairly continuous and com- 
plete. They reveal with what patience and wisdom, for 
two centuries and a half, the property of the institution 
has been guarded, its activities expanded, and its high 
aims adhered to. The rasponsibility of the Corporation 



to the Overseers was somewhat lessened in 1657 by an 
appendix to the charter, to the effect that the acts of 
the smaller body should always have " immediate force," 
although they should still be "alterable" by the Over- 
seers. 

In the year 1684, the colonial charter of Massachusetts 
Bay was revoked, and it was generally held at the time 
that the College charter was vacated by this act of the 
crown. In consequence, the government of the College 
was for years unsettled. In 1691, a province charter 
was given to Massachusetts Bay, and the next year the 
General Court passed a new College charter, but it was 
disallowed by the home government because it did not 
give the King the right to appoint visitors. No less 
than three other charters passed the Greneral Court, the 
last in 1700, but noue of them ever was confirmed in 
England. Finally, in 1707, the Court simply voted that 
the original charter of 1650 was still in. force, and on 
that theory the College is still governed. 

While the constitution of the Corporation has remained 
unchanged from the beginning, that of the Board of 
Overseers has been greatly altered by successive statutes. 
In early times there was serious difficulty in getting the 
members together. This led first to the establishment of 
the Corporation, and then to a provision of the act of 1657 
to the effect that, if notice of a meeting should be given 
to members dwelling in the ••' six next adjoining towns," 
votes passed at the meeting should be valid, whether 
those dwelling in remoter towns received notices or not. 
The constitution of the State of Massachusetts, adopted 
in 1780, changed the Overseers by substituting the G-ov- 
ernor, Lieutenant Governor, Council, and Senate of the 



State for the Governor, Deputy Governor, and Council 
of the Colony; and defined the "teaching elders" of 
the "six towns" as "ministers of the Congregational 
Churches" in those towns. 

The next important change came in the year 1810. 
The Council and Senate were eliminated from the Board, 
the official membership being reduced to the Governor, 
the Lieutenant Governor, and the presiding officers of the 
two houses of the Legislature. The body of the member- 
ship was to consist of fifteen Congregational clergymen 
and fifteen laymen, to be elected by the Board itself. 
This law was repealed two years later, but reenacted 
in 1814. Twenty years later, the Court voted that the 
clerical members might be chosen from any denomina- 
tion, the change to take effect whenever the Corporation 
and Overseers should agree to accept it. This they did 
in 1843, and the institution was thus freed from the 
control of a particular denomination. 

An act of 1851 struck out entirely the requirement that 
a portion of the membership should be chosen from the 
clergy ; made the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, 
the presiding officers of the two houses, the Secretary 
of the Board of Education, and the President and tlie 
Treasurer of the College, members ex officio; and 
entrusted the election of the remaining members to 
the two houses in joint convention assembled, a certain 
number to be chosen every year and to go out of office 
at the end of a term of years. 

In 1865, the Board was divorced from the State govern- 
ment by an act which, with some amendments, is still in 
force. Bachelors of Arts of five years' standing. Masters 
of Arts, and the holders of honorary degrees were 



6 

empowered to elect every Commen cement Day five 
members of the Board, who should hold office for six 
years, the President and the Treasurer for the time being 
remaining members ex offt'io. Candidates for member- 
ship need not even reside in Massachusetts. The elec- 
tions are held in Massachusetts Hall, and are conducted 
according to the "Australian" system. In 1902, the 
General Court empowered the Corporation and Board of 
Overseers, by concurrent vote, to extend the suffrage for 
Overseers to the holtlers of other degrees than that of 
A.B. Under this authority the suffrage was extended 
to Bachelors of Science, Masters of Science, Doctors of 
Philosophy, Doctors of Science, and the holders of the 
several degrees in applied science — all to be of five 
years' standing. In other words, all degrees conferred 
upon the recommendation of the Faculty of Arts and 
Sciences eventually entitle their holders to vote for 
Overseers. 

Thus, after many changes, the government of the 
University is no longer connected with either church or 
state, except that the General Court of Massachusetts 
necessarily retains the power to alter it, — a power, how- 
ever', which the Court does not seek to exercise without 
the consent of the University itself. It is therefore true 
that neither state nor church exercises any control over 
Harvard, though it was founded by the state and long 
dominated by the church. 



THE DEPARTMENTS 

Turning now to the immediate government of the Uni- 
versity, we may consider its departments as divided 
into those in which students are enrolled for instruction 
or research and degrees are conferred, and those scienti- 
fic collections and laboratories, including the University 
Library, which are accessory to instruction and research 
in the several branches of learning. The general plan 
on which the former departments are organized may be 
described as follows : — 

The University aims to furnish, as a sound preparation 
for all the vocations of educated men, an opportunity for 
liberal training in arts and sciences. This opportunity is 
given in Harvard College, to which students are admitted 
by examinations based on courses of study such as are 
offered in good secondary schools. On this foundation 
of liberal training are based the Graduate or Professional 
Schools of the University (with certain exceptions noted 
below) ; but for the purpose of admission to its Profes- 
sional Schools Harvard University regards graduation 
from any college or scientific school of good standing as 
sufficient evidence of preparation. Thus the University 
has established an important relationship with colleges in 
all parts of the country, and has given a certain support 
to those colleges, as well as to Harvard College, b}^ set- 
ting up the bachelor's degree as the means of access to 
professional degrees at Harvard. 

The Graduate or Professional Schools comprise : the 
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Graduate 
School of Applied Science, the Divinit}^ School, the Law 



School, the Medical School, the Dental School, and the 
Bussey Institution (a School of Agriculture). The two 
departments last named are exceptions to the general 
rule, these being directly accessible to persons having the 
training of secondary schools. The Lawrence Scientific 
School is an undergraduate department which gives 
special training in a number of scientific fields ; but it is 
expected that students who aim at a professional degree 
in appUed science will more and more tend to seek a 
liberal undergraduate training in Harvard College, includ- 
ing in their work studies which will prepare them for the 
professional training of the Graduate School of Applied 
Science. 

Special Students. In every one of the above mentioned 
departments opportunities for special study are open to 
qualified persons who are not candidates for a degree. 

Faculty of Arts and Sciences 
The administration of Harvard College, the Lawrence 
Scientific School, the Graduate School of Arts and 
Sciences, and the Graduate School of Applied Science is 
committed to the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, whose 
meetings are held in University Hall, the central building 
in the College Yard. This Faculty numbered (in 1906- 
07) 152, including only those teachers whose appoint- 
ments were without limit of time or for more than one 
year. The schools under its control, including the 
Summer School and the Saturday and Afternoon Courses 
for Teachers, offer courses of instruction attended by 
nearly four thousand persons, and use in common most 
of the lecture halls, laboratories, museums, libraries, and 
other collections in and about the College Yard in Cam- 



9 



bridge. The College, the largest of all the departments, 
has over two thousand students (2247 in 1906-07). 

Degrees are conferred on recommendation of the 
Faculty. The courses offered in the College are elective, 
with certain limitations, and lead to the degree of 
Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. The ordinary 
length of residence varies from three to four years 
according to the previous attainments of the student, or 
the number of courses taken each year. In the Lawrence 
Scientific School four-year prescribed programmes are 
offered, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in 
the several special fields. To properly qualified students 
in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, who fulfil 
the requirements of work and residence, the degrees of 
Master of Arts, Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy, 
and Doctor of Science are offered ; and in the Graduate 
School of Applied Science the professional degrees appro- 
priate to the various fields of study (civil, mechanical, 
and electrical engineering, mining, metallurgy, architec- 
ture, landscape architecture, forestry, applied chemistry, 
apphed geology, applied zoology). 

Faculties of Divinity, Law, Medicine, and 
Agriculture 

The Divinity School, the Law School, the Medical 
School, the Dental School, and the Bussey Institution are 
administered by faculties separate from the Faculty of 
Arts and Sciences. Both the Medical and Dental Schools 
are under the Faculty of Medicine. 

The Divinity School has its buildings on Divinity 
Avenue, in Cambridge. It offers about fifty courses of 
instruction, covering the subjects studied in denomina- 



10 

tional schools ; but it is connected with no denomination, 
and its spirit of free and earnest inquiry after truth 
makes it an integral part of the University. The students 
have many privileges of instruction in other departments 
of the University. (See p. 119.) 

The Law School occupies Austin Hall, on Holmes 
field, Cambridge, near the site of the house formerly 
owned by the Holmes family, to whose estate the land 
belonged. A new building, — Langdell Hall, — back of 
Austin Hall, was erected in 1906-07. The term of resi- 
dence necessary to obtain the degree of Bachelor of Laws 
is three years, and none but graduates of colleges of good 
standing are regularly admitted as candidates for the 
degree. About forty separate courses of instruction are 
offered. The enrolment of students in 1906-07 was 697. 
(See p. 121.) 

The Medical School occupies a magnificent group of 
five white marble buildings at the corner of Huntington 
and Long wood Avenues, in Boston, which were dedicated 
in 1906. Its equipment for instruction and research in 
medicine and the widening field of biological science is 
comprehensive ; and its efficieftcy will shortly be enhanced 
by the erection of several hospitals on adjacent land. 
Intimate relations are already sustained with the hospitals 
of Boston. The term of residence for the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine is four years, the courses of the 
fourth year being elective. The enrolment of students 
in 1906-07 was 320, exclusive of 192 summer students. 
(Seep. 130.) 

The Dental School occupies a building on North Grove 
Street, Boston. The term of residence leading to the 
degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine is three years. The 



11 



courses of instruction, some of which are given in the 
Medical School, cover about twenty principal subjects. 
The enrolment in 1906-07 was 65. (See p. 136.) 

The Bussey Institution,, a school of agriculture and 
horticulture, is situated in Jamaica Plain, a suburb of 
Boston. A three years' course of study and the passing 
of required examinations lead to the degree of Bachelor 
of Agricultural Science. P^orty-three students were en- 
rolled in this school in 1906-07. Systematic instruction 
is given in agriculture, in useful and ornamental garden- 
ing, in surveying and construction in their relations to 
agriculture, and in chemistry, physics, and natural history 
as applied to this art. (See p. 138.) 

Summer Courses of Instruction 

Summer courses of instruction are offered by the 
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Faculty of Divinity, 
and the Faculty of Medicine (including the Dental 
School). The general aim of these courses is to keep the 
facilities and resources of the University partially in 
service during the long vacation, and to meet the general 
demand for opportunities of summer w^ork. Though the 
session is not coordinated with the other sessions of the 
University, work done in the summer courses may some- 
times be counted toward a degree. 

Other Departments 

The remaining departments of the University do not 
offer regular courses of instruction leading to degrees ; 
but they are all intimately associated with the work of 
teaching and are of incalculable value to the various 
schools which have been enumerated. 



12 



The University Library is justly described as the very 
centre of the working life of the whole University. Its 
principal strength is in Gore Hall, the College Library, 
but twenty-eight special reference hbraries are adminis- 
tered in connection with the College Librar}^, and ten 
other larger departmental libraries are under the general 
oversight of the Library Council. (See p. 50.) 

The University Museum, with which The Peabody 
Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology and 
The Museum of Comparative Zoology are connected, is 
of daily use to students in various scientific courses, 
many of which could not be given adequately without its 
collections (p. 101) . The Botanic Garden and Gray Her- 
barium are also in Cambridge (p. 122). The Astronomi- 
cal Observatory has its principal station in Cambridge, 
where the bulk of its work is done ; but it maintains 
another station at Arequipa, Peru, and the Blue Hill 
Meteorological Observatory cooperates with it (p. 126). 
The Arnold Arboretum^ with its Herbarium and Museum, 
is in Jamaica Plain (p. 1J39). 

Minor Establishments 
The museums, laboratories, etc., not reckoned as sep- 
arate departments, though some of them have separate 
buildings, need not be enumerated here. They are all 
described in the pages which follow. 



THE COLLEGE YAED 

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH 



There is, perhaps, nothing better to say to a stranger 
entering the Yard of Harvard College than what Lowell said 
in his oration on the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary 
of the founding of the College. Having first praised the 
architectural beauties of Oxford and Cambridge, and 
acknowledged the fitness of their quadrangles and clois- 
ters to stand before our eyes for all the past glories of 
English scholarship and all the venerable associations of 
those aged universities, he frankly confessed of the New 
England college that its past is ' ' well-nigh desolate of 
aesthetic stimulus. We have none," he said, " or next 
to none, of these coigns of vantage for the tendrils of 
memory or affection. Not one of our older buildings is 
venerable, or will ever become so. Time refuses to con- 
sole them. They look as if they meant business, and 
nothing more." The interest of these buildings is very 
great ; but it is entirely historical and practical, not 
artistic. For beauty, one must look to the grass and 
to the noble elms ; for inspiration, to the story of the 
hard beginnings of the College and its fidelity to, high 
ideals, and to the lives and characters of the men who 
have studied and taught here, and from here have passed 
into the service of their country, and of just causes, and 
of mankind. 

Nevertheless, it seems quite clear that the founders of 
Harvard, poor men though they were, and in a wilderness, 



14 



had iu miud the English universities, and Cambridge 
especially, when they set about their task. Many of 
them were Cambridge men ; and the first building, rude 
and ill-built as it was, had much that was suggestive of 
a " Hall" in an English university. We do not certainly 
know where it stood, though it is thought to have stood 
near the site of Grays Hall, but the early records show 
that it was a home as well as a place of study. There 
were in it chambers, " studies," a kitchen, and a buttery ; 
and on top there was a "turret." We even" know the 
cost of the various items purchased in fitting up the 
several " studies." Here, for example, is the account, 
taken from the first College Book, for the study occupied 
by George Downing of the Class of 1642. In the entry 
he is called " Sir" Downing because he was a graduate 
when the account was made ; later, he went into the 
English diplomatic service, was knighted, and won for 
himself an eminence not very admirable, for he was 
reputed a miser and a turn-coat. 

Sir Downings Study 

lb s d 

Impr. For boards 272 foote - 10 - 3 ob. q.] 

It. Ten dayes &i worke at 22^1 a day ... - 19 - 3 

It. For ye Smithe's worke 0-6-11 

It. For glasse 0-2-1 

It. For nayles, locke & key - 3 - 

lb 

Suma totalis 2-7-6 ob. q.] 

There is no picture of this first " college," but the high 
ideal of the builders and their scanty means resulted in a 
structure of which one writer tells us that it was " thought 
by some to be too gorgeous for a wilderness, and yet too 
mean in others' apprehension for a college." It was soon 




From (he oldest known print of Harvard College, engraved in 1726, and representing 
the college as it appeared when ninety years old. The building on the right, 
Massachusetts Hall, is still in use. 



15 



in need of repairs, and proved inadequate to the wants 
even of tbe scanty College population of those days. 
Within ten years of its completion, the "governors" of 
the institution had begun to "purchase the neighbors' 
houses " to accommodate students. One of the houses 
bought for this purpose was Mr. Edward Goffe's, and 
it came to be known as Goffe's College. The term 
"college" was at first applied to each of the separate 
buildings, and this usage survived for many years. In 
1653-54, the Commissioners of the United Colonies per- 
suaded the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 
New England to erect a small brick building for Indian 
youth, and this was known as the Indian College. But 
the experiment was not successful, and only one Indian 
ever received a Harvard degree. The Indian College 
was poorly built, and was a ruin before the end of the 
century. So was the "Old College," which was suc- 
ceeded in 1672 by the first Harvard Hall, or Harvard 
" College." This seems to have been well built, for it 
was still in good condition when burned nearly a century 
later. 

We have a good picture of this first Harvard Hall, and 
we know that it stood in the Yard, just to the left of the 
main entrance. It stood alone until the year 1700, when 
a new " college," called Stoughton, in honor of Lieutenant 
Governor William Stoughton, who gave it, was built in 
front of the main entrance, making a right angle with the 
eastern end of Harvard. A few years later, under the 
guidance of President John Leverett, the institution 
entered on a new and more prosperous period in its 
career, and in the year 1718 the General Court of 
Massachusetts made a grant for still another hall, the 
oldest of all the buildings now standing. 



16 

This is Massachusetts Hall, on the right as one enters 
the Yard through the Johnston Gate, and facing the 
site of the first Harvard. It made, with Harvard and 
Stoughton, a very small quadrangle, and of these three 
buildings we have an excellent engraving, made by 
William Burgis in 1720. Behind Stoughton, as it ap- 
pears in that engraving, there was an old field, crossed 
by a brook ; probably no one dreamed of a time when it 
would be covered with other College buildings. In 1720, 
when Massachusetts was finished, the graduating class 
numbered thirty-seven, and it was many years before any 
great increase came. Cambridge was but a village, lying 
chiefly between the College and the river. Boston itself 
was but a small town, though thriving, and no bridge con- 
nected the two places. One source of the income of the 
College was the tolls of the Charlestown Ferry, which 
Cambridge people crossed when they went to Boston, 
unless they went by "Roxbury Neck.'' The teaching in 
the College was chiefly the work of tutors. The first 
professorship, the HoUis Professorship of Divinity, was 
estabUshed the year after Massachusetts was built. 

It is pleasant to know that the outside of Massachusetts 
has been changed hardly at all. Every class since 1720 
has seen the same square walls of red brick, the small 
windows, the narrow doorways. But the inside has been 
much altered. At first, it was given over entirely to small 
chambers and still smaller "studies." After the fight at 
Lexington, in the Revolutionary War, the chambers were 
for a time occupied by American troops, the students 
being sent away to Concord. Early in the present 
century, in President Kirkland's time, a part of the lower 
floor was devoted to lectures and society meetings, and 



17 



in 1870 the remaining chambers and studies made way 
for lecture halls and examination rooms. Several of the 
larger lecture courses are now given here. While the 
building was used as a dormitory, many of the most 
eminent sous of Harvard lived in it. 

During the eighteenth century, no progress whatever 
was made towards the development of the quadrangle 
into which one now looks on entering the Johnston Gate. 
Six years after the completion of Massachusetts, the Pro- 
vince legislature appropriated money to build the President 
a house ; but the site chosen seems to show that it was 
not meant to bear any special relation to the buildings 
already standing. Wadsworth House, as it is now called, 
in honor of the first President who occupied it, was the 
home of every one of the Presidents who succeeded him 
until President Edward Everett went out of office. It 
shares with the Craigie House the distinction of having 
sheltered Washington, but it was found inadequate for a 
headquarters. In recent years, it has been put to many 
different uses. It has been altered from time to time, 
but except for the paint the outside is still suggestive of 
the sober days and sober lives with which we naturally 
associate it in our thought. 

When the College was a century old, and had trained 
hundreds of clergymen, it was still without a place of 
worship of its own, although it had an interest in the 
parish meeting house which stood near the site of Dane 
Hall. The wife and daughters of Samuel Holden, M.P., 
who himself had been a liberal benefactor of Harvard, 
gave £400 to build a chapel, and a site immediately in 
the rear of the first Harvard Hall was chosen. Holden 
Chapel was the first of the buildings to take its name 



18 



from an English benefactor, and it is rather curious 
that the others so named are very close to it. About 
twenty years later, there being need of a new dormitory, 
the Legislature voted the necessary sums, a site to the 
northeast of Harvard was chosen, and the building was 
named for Thomas Hollis, an English merchant, who died 
in 1731, and whose benefactions were the most remarkable 
feature in the cherishing of the College up to that time. 
He was a Baptist, yet he gave sums which in those 
days were considered vast to help a school which had 
dismissed its first President because he objected to the 
baptism of infants. The Hollis Professorship of Divinity, 
established more than a hundred and fifty years ago, was 
never until the present time filled by a man in sympathy 
with the creed of its founder. 

Hollis Hall was scarcely built when the worst disaster 
the College ever met again reduced the number of buildings 
to five : Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, and it was only 
with the greatest diflficulty that Hollis, Stoughton, and 
Massachusetts were saved from the flames. The library 
and the philosophical apparatus were lost, but the 
Province, feeling an especial responsibility because the 
Legislature was holding its sessions in the hall at the 
time, promptly voted the money to rebuild, and a liberal 
stream of private benefactions poured into the College 
treasury, so that there were soon a new library and new 
apparatus. The new Harvard, like the old, was devoted 
to many uses. It had a kitchen and buttery in the base- 
ment, a dining room and a chapel on the first floor, and, 
on the second floor, the library and the philosophy 
chamber, but, unlike the old hall, it contained no bed- 
rooms. To tell how, from time to time, it lost its various 



19 



uses, until in our day it has only lecture rooms and 
departmental libraries, would be to trace the expansion 
of the Colonial College into the American University. 

The building of Harvard Hall was, in fact, the comple- 
tion of the Colonial College. The five halls standing in 
1766, with the old President's House, stood unchanged 
and without increase when the Revolution came. From 
them the students migrated to Concord while the British 
troops held Boston, and into them American troops entered 
while Washington commanded in Cambridge. We know 
that the College was very patriotic. Indeed, it can claim 
no small share in the Revolution. True, some of its 
officers and graduates had written verses in Latin, Greek, 
and English, and printed them in a volume called " Pietas 
et Gratulatio CoUegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novangios," 
and sent them to George III on his accession to the throne, 
following in this the example of the English universities ; 
and the classes were still graded according to the social 
position of the students. But, for all that. Harvard was 
thoroughly American. It had drifted entirely away from 
the Cambridge traditions of its founders. It had bred 
Quincy and Otis and two Adamses. President Langdon 
was ready to fight or to pray for independence, and John 
Hancock had been chosen Treasurer because he was a 
patriot, and not because he was a good man for the 
place — he was, in fact, the worst Treasurer the College 
ever had. When the war ended, the College, with little 
or no change in its constitution or character, entered easily 
on its course as an American institution, thoroughly in 
sympathy with the ideas for which the Republic stands, 
and commended to popular favor by the eminence of its 
graduates in the public service. 



20 



As if to open the way into a larger future, the first 
Stoughton Hall, being in a ruinous state, was taken down 
in 1780, the 3^ear in which Harvard took the title "Uni- 
versity." Its destruction certainly opened the way into 
the present Yard. It was not rebuilt uutil 1804, and then 
on a new site, north of Holhs, and it stood a year or more 
under the name "New Hall" ; but in the end the old name 
was revived for it. The money to build it came* from a 
lotter}^, and this method of raising funds, approved by 
the public opinion of those days, was again employed in 
1812, when Hoi worthy was built. This was the last hall 
to be named for an English benefactor. The man so 
honored was Sir Matthew Holworthy, who died in 1678, 
and left the College £1,000. Holworthy Hall is the 
3^ouugest of the buildings commonly called old, and its 
site is important because with Stoughton it formed the 
first corner in the main quadrangle of the Yard. From 
that time there was sure to be a quadrangle very much 
larger than the old one defined by Massachusetts, Har- 
vard, and the first Stoughton, or the other defined by 
Harvard, Holden, and Hollis. In November, 1812, the 
President and Fellows appointed a committee "to devise 
the form and site of a building in the College grounds 
to include a Commons Hall"; and it was voted that in 
choosing a site the committee "have reference to other 
buildings which may in future be erected." The com- 
mittee chose a site directly opposite the main entrance. 
Charles Bulfinch was the architect, and the Hall when 
completed was called University. 

University was well named, whether we consider the 
uses to which it has been put or the time at which it 
vv'as built. President Kirkland was in oflBce, and his 




5 - 



21 



administration is usually taken as marking the entrance 
of Harvard into the life of a true university ; and of this 
university life the new hall has been the centre. For 
years, the religious exercises and the students' commons 
made the building important to all members of the Uni- 
versity community ; and the administrative machinery has 
always been operated from this point. In President 
Kirkland's day, five new professorships were established, 
and the departments of Divinity, Law, and Medicine 
were organized in university fashion. The Massachusetts 
Medical College, in Boston, and Divinity Hall, in Cam- 
bridge, gave evidence that the Yard was not to be the 
limit of physical expansion. They were forerunners of 
so many buildings for scientific and other purposes, built 
outside of the Yard, that it was soon only a question of 
time when the Yard itself would become of less practical 
importance than the departments outside. It was the 
beginning of a process which is still going on, and as a 
result of which we see Harvard admission examinations 
offered in Tokio and a Harvard Observatory on top of a 
Peruvian mountain. 

But the Yard was not yet finished. President Quincy, 
who succeeded Kirkland, saw two very important changes 
in it. Close by the old meeting-house and betweeu it and 
Massachusetts, Dane Hall was built in 1832, through the 
liberality of Nathan Dane, and for fifty years it was the 
University School of Law ; here Greenleaf and Story and 
Parsons lectured. In 1845, important changes were made 
in the building. In 1871, to make room for Matthews 
Hall, it was moved to the south, so that it occupied nearly 
the site of the old meeting-house which had been taken 
down in 1833. 



22 



Gore Hall, begun in 1837, does not belong to the 
main qnadrangle at all. It was, in fact, the beginning 
of a second quadrangle ; but evidently not by design. 
The original Gore Hall was nothing more than the western 
portion of the present building, but it was then sufficient 
in size to harbor the largest library in the conntry, and 
it was expected to suffice for the accumulations of a 
century. Excepting University, it was the only stone 
building in the Yard, and it shares with University the 
distinction of touching the interests of more men, within 
and without the University, than any other of the Harvard 
buildings. 

The main quadrangle as we now see it was not com- 
pletely outlined until the building of Grays Hall in 1863. 
Meantime, however, in 1857-58, Boylston Hall and 
Appleton Chapel had risen on opposite sides of Gore, 
Appleton serving to define the northern limit of the new 
quadrangle. Both had their origin in the benefactions 
of wealthy Bostonians, from whom they took their re- 
spective names. Appleton Chapel supplanted University 
Hall as the centre of the religious life of the University, 
as University Hall had supplanted Holden and Harvard. 
Boylston, the first of the buildings distinctly dedicated 
to the physical sciences, may be regarded as a humble 
beginning of an extremely potent development in the later 
history of the University. Grays, an unpretentious dormi- 
tory, taking its name from a family eminent in the law 
and eminent in generosity to the University, was the last 
building erected in the Yard before the present era of 
unprecedented expansion began with the inauguration of 
President Eliot in 1869. 



23 



In the Yard, three new dormitories, with Sever Hall, the 
Fogg Museum of Art, Robinson Hall, Emerson Hall, and 
Phillips Brooks House, indicate the eagerness with which 
the new vigor presses into the spaces still left for the 
builder. They may serve also to indicate the chief source 
of energy ; for they are all examples of a munificence un- 
exampled until our own times in the history of benefactions 
to American universities. They are, indeed, cheering 
proofs that in our Republic generous and wealthy citizens 
are willing to play the part of those royal and noble 
patrons to whom, in the Old World, learning is indebted 
for its stateliest temples. The three dormitories. Weld, 
Matthews, and Thayer, have completely filled out the line 
of the main quadrangle. Sever fixes the eastern limit of 
the second quadrangle. 

It has been said that University Hall is still the centre 
of University life. That is true enough ; but in another 
sense Memorial Hall, though it stands outside the yard, 
is also the centre. The aim of the University has always 
been to train men for high service, and Memorial com- 
memorates the military service which the sons of the Uni- 
versity rendered in the Civil War. First conceived in the 
enthusiasm with which Harvard welcomed those of her 
graduates who came back alive from the war, it was built 
at last by the contributions of hundreds of alumni and 
friends who wished to put into enduring form their 
reverence for those who never returned. Its tower is 
the first object to catch the eye of one who approaches 
the University ; its lesson outlasts all others in the minds 
of those who go away. Without it, and that for which 
it stands. Harvard might still be a great University, but 
not what it aims to be, — an adornment and a support to 
the Republic. 



THE FENCE AND GATES 



The fence and gates snrronnding the Yard, with the 
exception of the Johnston, Meyer, Class of 1890, and 
McKean gates, were given by various alumni classes. 
That all the sections might harmonize, the task of design- 
ing the newer sections was given to a single firm, Messrs. 
McKim, Mead and White. Nevertheless, an attempt has 
been made to give to each section an individual character. 
There is space on all the gates for suitable inscriptions, 
but in some cases these have not yet been added. 

The Johnston Gate, at the main entrance of the Yard, 
was the first to be built — in 1890. It was followed in 
1891 by the Meyer Gate on the north side. All the 
others have been erected since 1900. In the follow- 
ing pages the several gates and sections of the fence are 
mentioned in order, beginning at the corner of Qaincy 
Street, and going west and north.* 

The Retaining Wall and Terrace of the Class of 
1880, built in 1901, round off the corner of the Yard 
defined by Quincy Street and Quincy Square, and extend 

* The stranger will find it convenient to familiarize himself with 
the locations of the scA^eral buildings and gates, by means of the 
large concrete and bronze map of the Yard erected in 1906 by the 
Harvard Memorial Society in front of University Hall. On this 
map are indicated not only the position, shape, name, and date of 
each building, but also the boundaries of the several lots of land 
of which the Yard is made up, with the date at which each lot was 
acquired for College use. 




THE CLASS OF 1877 GATE 




THE CLASS OF i8qo GATE 



25 



westward from Qaincy Street a little way beyond Plymp- 
ton Street. 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1890, built in 
1901, continuing the line westward from the retaining 
wall, were given by Mrs. Wirt Dexter, in memory of her 
son, Samuel Dexter, of the Class of 1890. On a tablet, 
under the shield, is the following inscription : — 

IN MEMORY OF - 

SAMUEL DEXTER 

OF THE CLASS OF 1890 

b. CHICAGO NOV 30 1867 

d. BOSTON MAY 4 1 894 

Over the gateway, as one enters, are inscribed the 
following words : — 

ENTER 
TO GROW IN WISDOM 

On the other side is this inscription : — 

DEPART 
TO SERVE BETTER THY COUNTRY AND THY KIND 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1877, built in 
1901, continue the line from the fence of the Class of 
1890. The gate opens upon the driveway leading to 
Gore Hall. Connected with this gate is a porter's lodge. 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1889, built in 
1901, are at the entrance to the path east of Boylston 
Hall. The fence extends to a point even with the western 
corner of Boylston Hall. This section balances the sec- 
tion occupied by the gate and fence of the Class of 1890. 



26 

The McKean Gate section, built in 1901, occupies 
the space between Boylston Hall and Wadsworth House. 
It was given by the members of the PorceUian Club. 
In the left wing of the gateway is a stone tablet inscribed 
as follows : — 

THIS GATE IS ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF 

JOSEPH McKEAN 
BY THE MEMBERS OF THE PORCELLIAN CLUB 
OF WHICH HE WAS THE HONORED FOUNDER 

In the right w^ing is a similar tablet, with this inscrip- 
tion : — 

THE McKEAN GATE 

THE REVEREND JOSEPH McKEAN S T D LL D 

BORN AT IPSWICH MASSACHUSETTS 19 APRIL 1 776 

DIED AT HAVANA CUBA 1 7 MARCH 1818 

A GRADUATE OF THIS COLLEGE 1794 

TEACHER OF YOUTH MINISTER OF THE GOSPEL 

BOYLSTON PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC AND ORATORY 1809-1818 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1857, built in 
1901, occupy the space from Wadsworth House to Dane 
Hall, the gate being almost in the centre. 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1875, built 
in 1900, extend from Dane Hall northward a distance of 
about fifty feet. On the entablature of the gate are 
these inscriptions : — 

OPEN YE THE GATES 
THAT THE RIGHTEOUS NATION WHICH KEEPETH THE TRUTH 

MAY ENTER IN 

and 

AEDIFICATA • ANN • DOM • OODCCCC • COLL • HARV • CCsLXIIII 




THE JOHNSTON GATE 




THE CLASS OF 1857 GATE 



27 



The Fence of the Class of 1873, built in 1900, 
extends from the section of the Class of 1875 to the 
Johnston Gate. As there is no occasion for a gate, 
there is merely an ornamental brick and stone panel, 
imbedded in which is a smaller tablet of greenish slate 
inscribed with the class numeral. 

The Johnston Gate, at the main entrance to the 
Yard, was built in 1890, and was the gift of Samuel 
Johnston, of Chicago. It was designed by Charles Follen 
McKim. The ironwork was given by Mrs. George von 
L. Meyer, of Boston. On a tablet in the right wall is 
the following inscription, the passage being taken from 
" New England's First Fruits," a pamphlet issued in 
London in 1643, and containing the first printed account 
of the College : — 

After God had carried vs safe to New England 

and wee had bvilded ovr hovses 

provided necessaries for ovr liveli hood 

reard convenient places for gods worship 

and setled the civile government 

one of the next things we longed for 

and looked after was to advance learning 

and perpetvate it to posterity 

dreading to leave an illiterate ministery 

to the chvrches when ovr present ministers 

shall lie in the dvst 

NEW ENGLANDS FIRST FRVITS 



28 



A tablet in the left wall bears this inscription : — 

BY THE GENERAL COVRT OF MASSACHVSETTS BAY 

28 OCTOBER 1636 AGREED TO GIVE 400;,^ 

TOWARDS A SCHOALE OR COLLEDGE WHEAROF 200;,^ 

TO BEE PAID THE NEXT YEARE & 200^ 

WHEN THE WORKE IS FINISHED & THE NEXT COVRT 

TO APPOINT WHEARE & W"^ BVILDING 

15 NOVEMBER 1 63 7 THE COLLEDG IS ORDERED 

TO BEE AT NEWETOWNE 

2 MAY 1638 IT IS ORDERED THAT NEWETOWNE 

SHALL HENCEFORWARD BE CALLED CAMBRIGE 

13 MARCH 1638-9 IT IS ORDERED THAT THE COLLEDGE 

AGREED VPON FORMERLY TO BEE BVILT AT CAMBRIDG 

SHALBEE CALLED HARVARD COLLEDGE 

On the outside of the gate posts are sculptured the 
seals of Harvard College and of Massachusetts. 

On the inside of the same posts are the inscriptions : — 

Right Left 

SAMVEL JOHNSTON CANTABRIGIA 

CHICAGINIENSIS LITERIS ANTIQVIS 

ALVMNVS A OODCCCJ.V NOVIS INSTITVTIS 

QVI CINCINNATIS DECORA 

A OODCCCXXXIII NATVS 
VIXIT ANN vLIII 
TEST FIERI IVSSIT 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1874, built in 
1900, extend from the Johnston Gate to the pathway 
south of Holden Chapel, the gate being the entrance to 
this path. 



29 



The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1870, built in 
1901, extend from this point to the pathway north of 
Holden Chapel. The gate is in the centre of the section, 
and opens on a sun dial, also given by the Class of 1870. 
This dial is surrounded by hedges. The base is inscribed : 
CLASS OF 1870. Around the upper part of the pedestal 
the following sentence is engraved : on this moment 
HANGS ETERNITY. On cacli sidc of the gate is a post with 
a tablet, and the two tablets are inscribed as follows : — 

The tablet on the left : The tablet on the right : 

GIVEN ERECTED 

TO THE COLLEGE BY THE CLASS OP 

BY 1870 

THE CLASS OF IN THE YEAR 

1870 1901 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1886, built in 
1901, extend from the section of the Class of 1870 to 
Phillips Brooks House, the gate opening upon the path- 
way north of Holden Chapel. As yet, there are no 
inscriptions. 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1881, built in 
1905, extend from the northwest corner of Phillips 
Brooks House to the pathway west of Holworthy. The 
gate serves as an entrance to the Phillips Brooks House. 
Over the head of the gate is the inscription : — 

"ye shall KNOW THE TRUTH AND THE TRUTH SHALL 
MAKE YOU FREE." 

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1876, built in 
1900, extend from the pathway west of Holworthy, to 



30 



which the gate is the entrance, about fifty feet along the 
Cambridge Street side of the Yard. On an iron shield 
surmounting the gate are the following inscriptions : — 

^^^^^ HOLWORTHY 

BY THE CLASS GATE 

OF 1876 ON 

IN MEMORY OF 
COMMENCEMENT DAY 

DEAR OLD TIMES 
I901 

The Meyer Gate, at the Cambridge Street entrance 
to the Y^ard, opposite the delta on which stands Memorial 
Hall, was the gift of George von Lengerke Meyer, of 
Boston, of the Class of 1879. It was designed by 
Charles Follen McKim, and was erected in 1891. 

The Fence and double Gate of the Classes of 1887 
and 1888, built in 1906, lie just opposite Memorial 
Hall, and extend from the northeast corner of the Fogg 
Museum to a point about eighty feet east of the Gates. 
On the wall over the fountain and water basin which 
occupy the space between the two gates are the class 
numerals, '87 and '88, and on the pavement in front 
is the inscription : — 

GIFT 
OF 
THE CLASSES OF 1 887 AND l! 



The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1885 were 
erected in 1904. They lie directly behind Sever Hall 
on Quincy Street. The fence extends the entire length 
of Sever Hall. 




DOUBLE GATE OF THE CLASSES OF 1887 and 1888 




THE MEYER GATE 



BUILDINGS AND CxROUNDS 



Massachusetts Hall was built from a grant of 
£3,500 made in 1718 by the Province of Massachusetts. 
It was finished in 1720, and was at first used as a 
dormitory. After the Battle of Lexington, it was used 
as a barracks by the Continental soldiers, and was 
somewhat damaged. About one hundred years after the 
erection of the building, the lower part was given over to 
rooms for lectures and societies ; and in 1870 the whole 
building was devoted to the public uses of the University. 
In the lower hall, the Phi Beta Kappa dinners were given 
from about 1870 until 1902 ; and here, on Commencement 
morning, the President and other officers of the Univer- 
sity welcome the Governor of the Commonwealth, his 
staff, and the invited guests of the day. (See also p. 16.) 

Against the north side of the Hall is a bronze bust of 
James Russell Lowell, the work of the sculptor, Daniel C. 
French. The inscription on the base is as follows : — 

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL 
BORN 1819 DIED 1891 

AB 1838 LLD 1884 

PROFESSOR 1855-1886 

PATRIOT SCHOLAR 

ORATOR POET 
PUBLIC SERVANT 

"I, FREEDOM, DWELL AVITH 

KNOWLEDGE ; I ABIDE 

WITH MEN BY CULTURE 

TRAINED AND FORTIFIED." 

GIVEN BY THE CLASS OF 1883 
1905 



32 

Harvard Hall, built in 1765-66 by the Province of 
Massachusetts, at a cost of $23,000, replaced the first 
Harvard Hall, which was destroyed by fire in 1764. 
As the older building was occupied at the time by the 
General Court, which had been driven from Boston by 
the small-pox, the Province of Massachusetts Bay con- 
sidered itself responsible for the loss, and therefore built 
the present Harvard Hall. This at first contained the 
chapel, the library, the philosophical apparatus, and the 
dinins hall of the College. Like Massachusetts Hall, it 
was used and somewhat damaged by the troops in Revolu- 
tionary times. Here Washington was received in 1789. 
Except Holden Chapel, it is the only one of the early 
College buildings which has never been used as a 
dormitory. It is now used for lectures and recitations, 
and contains the libraries of the Departments of the 
Classics, History and Government, and Economics. (See 
also p. 15.) 

The Library of the Department of the Classics (Room 3) 
contains dictionaries, general treatises on grammar, 
history, antiquities, literature, philosophy, etc., together 
with all the most recent and many of the more valuable 
older editions of Greek and Latin authors ; in all, about 
4000 volumes. The books recommended by the several 
instructorsj of the Department for collateral reading in 
their courses are all included. On the walls hang like- 
nesses of professors in the Department from the beginning 
of the nineteenth century. 

The Principal JLecture Boom of the Classical Depart- 
ment (Room 1) is equipped with an excellent (electric ■ 
light) Jstereopticon and about 3600 slides illustrating J 
Greek and Roman life, art, archaeology, etc., etc. The 1 




MASSACHUSETTS HALL 




HARVARD HALL 



33 



Department has also in its various lecture rooms about 
5000 mounted photograplis and a considerable collection 
of casts of Greek and Roman sculpture. The collection 
of classical antiquities in Sever 25 and 27 consists of 
original material for the study of archaeology and art, 
such as Grreek and Roman coins, vases, and terra-cottas, 
Roman inscriptions, and specimens of building materials 
(including a large number of specimens of Roman 
marbles). A set of fac-similes of ancient coins and the 
Scott Collection of portraits of Julius Caesar are at 
present deposited in the Fogg Museum of Art. 

The History Reading Room (Room 2) contains two 
department libraries : — 

The Library of the Departraent of History and Ooverii- 
ment is made up of books on English and continental 
history and government — over 3000 volumes — and 900 
on American history. The collection on American his- 
tory is frequently called the Evans Library. 

The I^ibrary of the Economics Department contains 
about 1350 volumes. 

These three collections are designed to provide copies 
of the books most commonly used in connection with 
the courses of study in the subjects to which the}' relate. 
The last two are especially intended for the use of the 
large elementary courses in history and economics. 

HoUis Hall, built by the Province of Massachusetts 
Bay in 1763, at a cost of nearly £5,000, and named for 
the first Thomas HoUis, contains 32 rooms. Hollis, who 
established two chairs, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity 
and the Hollis Professorship of Mathematics and Natural 
Philosophy, was the greatest benefactor of the University 



34 

duriog the first century of its existence ; and liis example 
was followed by other members of his family for several 
generations. The building was from the first used as a 
dormitory, but some of its rooms have been occupied by 
societies, such as the Harvard Washington Corps, the 
Engine Company, and the Pi Eta Society. Like the other 
older buildings, it was given over to the Revolutionary 
soldiers for a time, and suffered damage thereby. 

Holden Chapel. — Madam Holden, wife of Samuel 
Holden, M.P., Governor of the Bank of England, — who 
was regarded as the head of the English Dissenters, — 
together with her daughters, gave to the College £400. 
With this money the first building designed solely for 
religious uses by the University, Holden Chapel, was 
built in 1744. On its west front the Holden arms are 
carved in wood. When the present Harvard Hall was 
built, Holden ceased to be used for religious services. 
For a while, it contained four rooms, being divided into 
two stories, each of which consisted of two apartments. 
Those on the lower floor were used as chemical laboratory 
and lecture j'oom ; those on the upper floor as anatomical 
museum and lecture room. But after the building of 
Boylston Hall each story was converted into one large 
recitation room, and later all these were thrown together 
into a single room. In recent years, Holden has been 
used chiefly for society meetings, rehearsals and trials of 
the musical clubs, and by the Department of Music. 

Stoughton Hall, built in 1805 at a cost of about | 
$23,000, of which three-fourths was secured by a public 
lottery authorized by the State, was named for Lieutenant 




HOLLIS HALL 




STOUCxHTON HA 1,1- 



35 



Governor William Stougliton, who, as Chief Justice of 
Massachusetts Bay, presided at the witchcraft trials in 
1692. It was he who gave the funds for the first Stoughton 
Hall, built in 1700. The present Stoughton, at first called 
New Hall, was used from the beginning as a dormitory. 
The Hasty Pudding Club formerly met and had reading 
rooms here. Like Hollis Hall, the building has 32 rooms. 

Phillips Brooks House. — This building, situated 
at the northwest corner of the Yard, was erected as a 
memorial to PhilHps Brooks, of the Class of 1855, 
Preacher to the University, Overseer, and Protestant 
Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts. The building, com- 
pleted in 1899, was designed by Alexander Wadsworth 
Longfellow, of the Class of 1876, Nearly six hundred 
persons contributed to the fund, which amounted to 
$71,046.54, with $4,790.19 interest. Of this total, 
$10,000 was given in trust to the University as an 
endowment to help carry on the various activities to 
which the House is devoted. 

On the first floor, the west end is occupied by Brooks 
Parlor, a large reception room for social uses. Here, on 
Friday afternoons, students are welcomed at informal teas 
given by the wives of University officers. Across the 
hallway are the Randall Rooms, named in memory of 
Belinda Lull Randall and John Witt Randall, and a 
general office room used by the graduate secretary and 
officers of the various societies quartered in the House. 
In the Randall Rooms are the offices of the Social 
Service Committee and of the graduate adviser under 
whose guidance the various philanthropic undertakings 
are carried on. On the second floor, in the west end. 



36 

are the Noble Rooms, named in memory of William 
Belden Noble, '85, and occupied by the St. Paul's Society. 
One is a general meeting room, the other is fitted up as 
a small chapel. In the east end of this story are the 
Shepard Rooms, named in memory of Ralph Hamilton 
Shepard, '92, a member of the Christian Association, 
who died in 1894, and left five thousand dollars to pro- 
mote Christian work at Harvard. The rooms are occupied 
by the Harvard Christian Association. There is a read- 
ino- room where the leading daily, weekly, and monthly 
papers are kept on file, a library on religious subjects, 
a committee room, and an assembly room. Between 
the Shepard Rooms and the Noble Rooms is a small 
Committee Room. On the third floor is Peabody Hall, 
named in memory of the Reverend Andrew Preston 
Peabody, formerly Preacher to the University. The 
hall, arranged for meetings and lectures, has a seating 
capacity of two hundred and twenty. In this story are also 
the rooms of the St. Paul's Catholic Club. Facilities for 
writing and studying are also provided in several rooms 
of the House, and these, as well as the reading rooms 
and libraries, are freely open to all members of the 
University. In addition to the societies already men- 
tioned, the Phillips Brooks House Association and 
Harvard Mission have their headquarters in the House, 
not having special rooms assigned to them, but using for 
their committee meetings or larger gatherings any rooms 
that may be available. The Phillips Brooks House Asso- 
ciation, organized in 1904, includes in its membership 
the membership of all the previously existing societies, 
and is designed to promote cooperation among them and 
to perform for them services which can best be under- 




HOLDEN CHAPEL 




PHILLIPS BROOKS HOUSE 



37 



taken by one central organization, such as typewriting 
and other office work, publishing the Phillips Brooks 
House Handbook, giving the annual reception to Fresh- 
men, etc. The Harvard Mission, also started in 1904, 
is a movement supported by members of all the religious 
societies and by others, for the realization among Harvard 
graduates and undergraduates of greater interest and 
activity in Christian service abroad. Other University 
organizations, such as the Graduate Club, Mathematical 
Club, etc., use the House for regular or occasional 
meetings and receptions. 

In the hallway, there is a bronze bust of Phillips 
Brooks, the gift of Mr. Lorin F. Deland ; and on the 
walls are the following inscriptions : — 

On the east wall, above the bust of Phillips Brooks : — 

THIS HOUSE 

IS DEDICATED TO 

PIETY CHARITY HOSPITALITY 

IN GRATEFUL MEMORY OF 

PHILLIPS BROOKS 

To the right of the bust : — 

BORN IN BOSTON DECEMBER 1 3 1835 

AB HARVARD 1855 VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY .1859 

RECTOR CHURCH OF THE ADVENT PHILADELPHIA 1859-1861 

CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY PHILADELPHIA 1862-1869 

TRINITY CHURCH BOSTON 1869-189I 

BISHOP OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH 

IN MASSACHUSETTS 189I-1893 

OVERSEER OF HARVARD COLLEGE 187O-1882 1883-1889 

PREACHER TO HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1886-I89I 

DD UNION 1870 HARVARD 1877 OXFORD 1885 COLUMBIA 1887 

DIED IN BOSTON JANUARY 23 1 893 



38 



On the left of the bust : — 

A PREACHER 

OF RIGHTEOUSNESS AND HOPE 

MAJESTIC IN STATURE IMPETUOUS IN UTTERANCE 

REJOICING IN THE TRUTH 

UNHAMPERED BY BONDS OF CHURCH OR STATION 

HE BROUGHT BY HIS LIFE AND DOCTRINE 

FRESH FAITH TO A PEOPLE 

FRESH MEANING TO ANCIENT CREEDS 

TO THIS UNIVERSITY 

HE GAVE 

CONSTANT LOVE LARGE SERVICE HIGH EXAMPLE 

On the north wall between the front door and the 
entrance to Brooks Parlor : — 

PHILIP STANLEY ABBOT 

BORN 1867 DIED 1896 

HARVARD A.B. 189O A.M. LL.B. 1893 

ALWAYS A LEADER 

HE ON JANUARY 23 1 893 

STIRRED HIS FELLOW STUDENTS 

TO UNDERTAKE THIS MEMORIAL BUILDING 

BUT BEFORE ITS COMPLETION WAS KILLED 

IN CLIMBING MOUNT LEFROY 

RICH IN NATURE FRIENDS FORTUNE 

HE ADDED 

WHATEVER TOIL AND CHARACTER CAN GIVE 

TO MAKE SHORT LIFE COMPLETE 



39 

On the north wall, at the entrance to Randall Room : 

RALPH HAMILTON SHEPARD 

BORN 1867 HARVARD A.B. 1 892 

ONE OF harvard's YOUNGEST BENEFACTORS 

STUDIOUS EARNEST DEVOUT 

MEMBER OF 

THE CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 

THE RELIGIOUS UNION 

THE SAINT Paul's society 

DYING IN 1894 

HE GAVE FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS 

TO PROMOTE CHRISTIAN WORK 

AT HARVARD COLLEGE 

On the east wall, at the entrance to Randall Room 

BELINDA LULL RANDALL 

BORN 1816 DIED 1897 

WHO THROUGH THE TRUSTEES OF HER ESTATE 

MADE PROVISION 

WITHIN THE PHILLIPS BROOKS HOUSE 

FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHARITY 

BY THE STUDENTS OF THIS UNIVERSITY 

JOHN WITT RANDALL 

BROTHER OF BELINDA BORN 1813 DIED 1 892 

A.B. HARVARD 1834 M.D. 1839 

WHOSE NAME SHE WISHED 

TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH HERS 

IN HER MANY AND GREAT BENEFACTIONS 

LOVELY AND PLEASANT IN THEIR LIVES 
AND IN THEIR DEATH THEY WERE NOT DIVIDED 



40 



On the south wall, at the left side of the rear entrance : 

WILLIAM BELDEN NOBLE 

BORN i860 DIED 1896 

HARVARD AB 1 885 

ARDENT JOYOUS GENEROUS 

YEARNING FOR KNOWLEDGE 

IMPASSIONED FOR HOLINESS 

HE SOUGHT TO BE A MINISTER 

AFTER THE PATTERN OF PHILLIPS BROOKS 

BUT DIED BEFORE ORDINATION 

MINDFUL OF HIS UNFINISHED AIMS 

HIS WIFE ESTABLISHED 

THE NOBLE LECTURES 

IN 1898 

Holworthy Hall was built in 1812, at a cost of 
nearly $25,000, from the proceeds of a lottery authorized 
by the State of Massachusetts. It was named for Sir Mat- 
thew Holworthy, an English merchant, who at his death 
in 1678 left to the College £1,000, the largest single gift 
received in the seventeenth century. Used always as a 
dormitory, this hall has for many years been considered, 
on account of its large rooms, the most desirable in the 
Yard, and was for a while used exclusively by Seniors. 
The practice has been partly revived, and rooms in Hol- 
worthy, Hollis, and Stoughton are now assigned by 
preference to members of the Senior Class. Room 12, 
which was visited in 1860 by the Prince of Wales and 
in 1871 by the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, contains 
pictures of these personages presented by themselves. 
Holworthy has 24 suites of rooms, each consisting of a 
study and two single bedrooms. Lists of the successive 




HOLWORTHY HALL 




THAYER HALL 



41 



occupants of each room in Hollis, Stoughton, and Hol- 
worthy have been compiled by members of the Harvard 
Memorial Society. Printed copies of these lists are 
posted in each room and in the entries of these buildings. 

Thayer Hall was erected in 1869-70 at a cost of 
about $100,000. It was the gift of Nathaniel Thayer, a 
merchant of Boston, a member of the Board of Overseers 
from 1866 until 1868, and a Fellow of the College from 
1868 until 1875. He gave it in memory of his father, 
Nathaniel Thayer, of the Class of 1789, a tutor in the 
College in 1792-93, and of his brother, John Eliot 
Thayer, the founder of the Thayer Scholarships. This 
dormitory, which contains 66 suites of rooms, was 
designed to accommodate 116 students and three 
officers. It also contains a common-room, and the office 
of the Medical Visitor. 

University Hall, built in 1813-15, of white 
Chelmsford granite, after a design by Bulfinch, cost 
about $64,000. The western facade was originally 
adorned by a massive portico with stone pillars. This, 
however, was removed in 1 842 in order to get better light 
in the basement. At the beginning University contained 
the students' commons hall, covering the whole of the 
first floor, and the chapel, which occupied the central 
portion of both the second and third floors ; the outer 
ends of these two floors being devoted to recitation rooms. 
Down to 1858 the chapel, a room of peculiar beauty and 
dignity, was used for daily prayers and also for Sunday 
services. The pulpit was on the east side ; the galleries 
on the north and south ends were used by the families of 



42 



professors, while students and faculty occupied the floor. 
At a later time it was divided horizontally and trans- 
formed into lecture rooms entered from the second and 
third floors ; but in 1896 it was restored to its original 
form (except for the galleries) and is now used for the 
meetings of the Faculty of Arts aud Sciences. On its 
walls hang portraits of professors and benefactors of the 
University. 

Commons continued in University Hall down to 1849, 
and here also the Commencement dinners were held until 
1841. Here were entertained Presidents Monroe, Jack- 
son, and Van Buren, and the Marquis de Lafayette. The 
whole building, with the exception of the basement (one 
end of which is occupied by the College Printing Office), 
is now devoted to administrative uses, and contains the 
offices of the President of the University, the Secretary 
to the Corporation, and the Deans and other officers of 
the departments under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. 
On the first floor at the south end is the office of the 
Publication Agent (Room 2). Copies of the University 
Catalogue, of the President's Reports, of pamphlets de- 
scribing the various departments and courses of study, 
and of other University publications may be obtained 
here. In front of the building is a map of the College 
Yard made of concrete and bronze, which strangers will 
find it profitable to study. (See the note on p. 24.) 

Weld Hall, containing 53 suites of rooms, of which 
22 are single and the rest double, was built in 1871-72, 
at a cost of about $87,000. It was given by William 
Fletcher Weld in memory of his brother, Stephen Minot 
Weld, of the Class of 1826, a benefactor of the College, 



43 



a member of the Board of Overseers from 1858 until his 
death in 1867, and one of the first to conceive the idea 
of Memorial Hall. It contains a common-room for the 
general social use of its occupants. 

Grays Hall, built in 1863 by the College, at a cost 
of nearly $40,000, is named for Francis Galley Gray, of 
the Class of 1809, a Fellow of the College from 1826 until 
1836, John Chipman Gray, of the Class of 1811, a mem- 
ber of the Board of Overseers from 1847 until 1854, and 
William Gray, of the Class of 1829, a member of the 
Board of Overseers from 1866 until 1872, all three bene- 
factors of the University. It has always 'been used as a 
dormitory, and has 52 suites of rooms, each consisting of 
a study and an alcove. Antiquarian research has made 
it seem probable that the first of all the College buildings 
stood on or near the site of this hall. 

Wadsworth. House was built partly with a grant 
of £1,000 made by the General Court of Massachusetts 
Bay in 1726, the year after President Wadsworth was 
inaugurated ; partly with other funds, as the Court would 
not grant enough to complete it. It was finished in 
1727, and cost altogether about £1,800. It is the oldest 
building now standing except Massachusetts Hall. At 
first called the President's House, it was occupied by 
successive presidents until 1849. It was the head- 
quarters of Washington and Lee for a short time in 
1775, until more spacious quarters were obtained in the 
house on Brattle Street, now known as Craigie House, 
which was later the residence of Longfellow. Undoubt- 
edly, some of the first despatches sent by Washington to 



44 



Congress, to Richard Henry Lee, and to General Schuyler, 
were written in Wads worth. Towards the close of the 
century, the building was enlarged, and after 1849 it was 
used as a dormitory and boarding house for students. 
It is at present used as a dormitory, but one room is 
given over to the Preacher to the University for the time 
being. 

Holyoke House, on Massachusetts Avenue, oppo- 
site Grays Hall, was erected by the President and Fellows 
in 1870-71, at a cost of over $121,000, and contains 50 
suites of rooms. The ground floor is occupied by stores. 

Matthews Hall, completed in 1872, at a cost of about 
$113,000, was the gift of Nathan Matthews, of Boston, 
who stipulated that half the net income from the dormi- 
tory should be used to aid needy and deserving scholars ; 
students for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church and sons of ministers of that church to be pre- 
ferred. The fifteen Matthews Scholarships were thus 
established. This dormitory, containing 60 suites of 
rooms, is thought to stand on the site of the old Indian 
College, built in 1654. 

Dane Hall, built with $7,000, given by Nathan Dane, 
of Beverly, of the Class of 1778, a delegate to the Con- 
tinental Congress, was completed in 1832 ; but when Mat- 
thews Hall was built Dane was moved a short distance 
south of its original site. With the addition of 1844-45, 
the hall has cost somewhat more than $23,000 (including 
the Dane gift). The Law School occupied the building 
until 1883, when Austin Hall was built. In 1882, certain 




WADSWORTH HOUSE 




HOLYOKE HOUSE 



i 



45 



parts of Dane were given over to the Harvard Cooperative 
Society, which occupied the entire basement and half of 
the first story until 1904. The upper story of eleven 
rooms was for a time used as a Psychological Laboratory. 
The Lalioratory for Qualitative Analysis now occupies the 
basement and part of the first floor. A part of the upper 
floor is assigned to the use of the debating societies. 
The Bursar's Office occupies the rear half of the first 
floor. 

College House, on Massachusetts Avenue, opposite 
Dane Hall, was originally called Graduates' Hall. It was 
erected at the expense of the College in 1832, and, with 
additions, has cost $59,000. In 1845, when it was oc- 
cupied largely by law students, an addition was made 
in order to give room for a store and for the oflSce of 
the Omnibus Company. The addition w'as made at the 
expense of a building occupied by students and called 
College House, or, more familiarly, "the old den." 
Undergraduates were first allow^ed to room in Graduates' 
Hall in 1846-47, but it was not until 1860 that the name 
was changed to College House. The upper floors contain 
70 rooms ; the ground floor is occupied by stores. 

Boylston Hall was erected in 1857 with a fund 
bequeathed by Ward Nicholas Boylston, which was sub- 
sequently much increased by subscriptions. The building- 
was enlarged by the addition of a third story in 1871, 
and the accommodations were still further extended in 
1891, 1902, 1904, and 1905. It is occupied by the 
Department of Chemistry of the Faculty of Arts and 
Sciences of Harvard Colleoe. 



46 

On the entrance tloor are four laboratories. The Lab- 
oratory for Advanced Quantitative Analysis and Research 
is in Room 2. In tlie weighing-room adjoining this 
laboratory is a collection of compounds illustrating the 
original work of the department. Smaller laboratories 
for research are entered through the Laboratory for 
Quantitative Analysis. 

The Laboratory for Advanced Physical Chemistry is in 
Room 4; the Laboratory for Elementary Chemistry is in 

Room 5. 

In the basement are two Laboratories for Descriptive 
Liorganic Chemistry, a plant for the manufacture of 
liquid air, and a room for physico-chemical research. 

On the second tloor are the lecture rooms (Rooms 7, 9), 
and the Director's office (Room 10). There are also two 
small private laboratories for research on this floor. 
A selected collection of specimens is exhibited in two 
cases in the entry. The Library and Reading Room 
(Room 8) is also on this floor. It contains tlie more 
important chemical text-books and periodicals (800 books, 
2400 periodicals, and 6000 dissertations), to be used for 
consultation only. It is supplementary to the larger 
collection of books on chemistry in Gore Hall. 

On the third floor is the Laboratory for Organic Chem- 
istry (Room 11), with places for students of research in 
the adjoining room (Room 12) . On the same floor is the 
Laboratory for Elementary Quantitative Analysis (Room 
13), and two private laboratories. 

The store-rooms for apparatus and chemicals are in the 
garret. The Laboratory for Qualitative Analysis occupies 
the basement and part of the first floor of Dane Hall. 




DANE HALL 




BOYL.STON HALL 



47 

Appleton Chapel, the second building devoted 
solely to religious worship, was the gift of Samuel Apple- 
ton, of Boston, who left $200,000 to the College with 
the direction that one-fourth of it should be spent for a 
chapel. It was built at a cost of nearly $68,000, and 
was completed in 1858. In the interior, a good many 
changes have been made : the roof proved defective and 
had to be altered ; the galleries are of recent date. The 
later improvements are due to the liberality of the chil- 
dren of Nathan Appleton, of Boston. Here are held the 
daily religious services of the University, morning prayers 
at a quarter before nine on week-days, the Sunday even- 
ing services at half-past seven, and the Thursday after- 
noon vesper services at five o'clock. The latter, held 
during the winter and spring months (November to 
May), are brief, largely musical, with an address by 
one of the Preachers. Occasionally, the Board invites 
other preachers, of various communions, to conduct the 
Sunday evening services. The music at all services is 
by the College choir, a full male chorus of 25 sopranos 
and altos and 16 tenors and basses. 

On the left of the main entrance is a mural monument 
to President James Walker, originally erected in the 
Harvard Church in Charlestown, of which President 
Walker had been pastor, and given to the University 
(with other memorials) in 1905 on the dissolution of that 
society. The central object, the bust of President 
Walker, was executed by Miss Anne Whitney. The 
inscriptions on the monument read as follows : — 



48 



JAMES WALKER DD LLD 



BORN IN BURLINGTON 

MASSACHUSETTS 

1 6 AUGUST 1794 

GRADUATED AT 

HARVARD COLLEGE 

1814 

PASTOR 

OF THIS CHURCH 

1818-1839 

OVERSEER OF 

HARVARD COLLEGE 

1825-1836 1864-1874 

FELLOW 

1834-1853 

ALFORD PROFESSOR 

1838-1853 

PRESIDENT 

I 853- I 860 

DIED IN CAMBRIDGE 

23 DECEMBER 1 874 



TO COMMEMORATE 

HERE 

HIS CHARACTER 

HIS GENIUS 

AND HIS SERVICES 

TO THIS CHURCH 

TO THE CAUSE 

OF EDUCATION 

AND TO 

liberal christianity 

''they that be wise 

shall shine as the 

brightness of the 

firmament 

and they that turn 

MANY TO 

RIGHTEOUSNESS 

AS THE STARS 

FOR EVER AND EVER " 

Da7iiel XII 3. 



ERECTED XI JANUARY MDCCCLXXXIII 

BY A DAUGHTER OF 

REUBEN HUNT 

A FOUNDER OF THIS SOCIETY 

AND ONE WHO LOVED AND HONORED 

JAMES WALKER 

and on a small bronze plate below is inscribed, 

GIVEN TO HARVARD COLLEGE 

BY THE HARVARD CHURCH IN CHARLESTOWN 

ON ITS DISSOLUTION IN 1905 









M^i&i^'- 








49 

On the wall to the right of the pulpit is a greenish 
bronze tablet erected to the memory of the Reverend 
Andrew Preston Peabody, and inscribed as follows : — 

ANDREW PRESTON PEABODY, D.D., LL.D. 

PLUMMER PROFESSOR OF CHRISTIAN MORALS AND PREACHER TO 

THE UNIVERSITY 

BORN AT BEVERLY, MARCH I9, 181I 

DIED AT CAMBRIDGE, MARCH ID, 1893 

AUTHOR, EDITOR, TEACHER, PREACHER, HELPER OF MEN 

THREE GENERATIONS LOOKED TO HIM 

AS TO A BENEFACTOR, A FRIEND, A FATHER 

HIS PRECEPT WAS GLORIFIED BY HIS EXAMPLE 

WHILE FOR THIRTY-THREE YEARS 

HE MOVED AMONG THE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS 

OF HARVARD COLLEGE 

AND WIST NOT THAT HIS FACE SHONE 

The management and conduct of the religious services 
of the University are entrusted to a Board consisting of 
the Parkman Professor of Theology and five preachers 
to the University annually appointed. 

In June, 1886, immediately after this Board was con- 
stituted, attendance upon all religious services was, upon 
the unanimous recommendation of the Board, made 
wholly voluntary. 

Each member of the Board of Preachers conducts daily 
morning prayers for about three weeks in each half-year, 
and each preaches on four Sunday evenings. The preacher 
conducting morning prayers is in attendance every morn- 
ing during his term of duty at Wads worth House 1, and 
is at the immediate service of any student who may desire 
to consult him. 

Many eminent preachers from different parts of the 
United States and even from England, and belonging to 
various religious denominations, have served on the Board 
of Preachers. 



50 



Among them have been the following ; Edward Everett 
Hale, Alexander McKenzie, George A. Gordon, Phillips 
Brooks and William Lawrence, Bishops of Massachusetts, 
Brooke Herford, Henry Van Dyke, Lyman Abbott, 
Washington Gladden, Leigh ton Parks, J. Estlin Car- 
penter of Oxford (England), E. Winchester Donald, 
Samuel McChord Crothers, Bishop John H. Vincent, 
Philip S. Moxom, George Harris, President of Amherst 
College, William DeWitt Hyde, President of Bowdoin 
College, AYilliam H. P. Faunce, President of Brown 
University, WilUam J. Tucker, President of Dartmouth 
College, Charles Cuthbert Hall, President of the Union 
Theological Seminary. 

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 

History. — The nucleus of the College Library was the 
little collection of about 330 volumes bequeathed by John 
Harvard in 1638. The Puritan scholar's library w^as 
naturally strongest in the theological and polemical works 
of the day, but it had a good number of classics, ^]sop, 
Cicero, Epictetus, Juvenal, Horace, Isocrates, Lucan, 
Pliny, Plutarch, Plautus, Terence, and others, and some 
modern works of literature and history, such as Bacon's 
*' Advancement Essays," Chapman's Homer, Quarles's 
Poems, Camden's Remains. Of all these, however, there 
now remains but one volume, Downame's Christian War- 
fare ; the rest were destroyed in the tire of 1764. 

The history of the Library from that day to this is a 
record of generous gifts, great and small, from lovers of 
learning in this country and in England. Harvard's 
bequest stirred the magistrates of the Colony to con- 
tribute books to the value of £200. Peter Bulkley, the 
minister settled in Concord, early gave 37 volumes ; Gov- 




O 

o 
u 

w 

X 
H 

<: 

p^ 
o 
o 



51 



ernor Winthrop gave 40 volumes ; Sir Kenelm Digby, in 
1655, Catholic and Royalist though he was, sent over 29 
volumes, probably out of friendship for Winthrop. The 
bequests of the Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, of Rowley, in 1661, 
of Dr. John Lightfoot, an eminent English divine, in 
1675, and of Theophilus Gale, philosopher, philologist, 
and historian, in 1678, rapidly added to the value of 
the collection. Beginning in 1719, Thomas Hollis, his 
two brothers, John and Nathaniel, the son and the grand- 
son of Nathaniel, both named Thomas, and Thomas Brand 
Hollis, whom the last Thomas Hollis made his heir, in 
succession devoted to the College an unremitting interest 
and generosity, which showed itself in the establishment 
of professorships and scholarships, in constant gifts of 
books for the library and of philosophical apparatus for 
scientific work, and ended only with the death of the last 
named in 1804. The elder Hollis, a strict Baptist, but 
liberal-minded, was pleased with the "free and catholic 
spirit of the Seminary," and during the last ten years of 
his life was constant in its service and constantly stirring 
the interest and appealing to the generosity of others. 
The last Thomas Hollis showed his interest in the College 
by donations of books before the fire of 1764, and after 
the fire immediately subscribed £200 for the purchase of 
books ; furthermore, in the course of the next six j^ears, 
he sent hither 41 cases of books, and at his death, in 
1774, left a bequest of £500. 

When Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, the library 
was destroyed. This collection, amounting to about 5000 
volumes, was by far the most valuable in the country, 
and its loss was regarded as a public calamity. But so 
great was the general sense, both here and in England, 
of the importance of replacing it, so strenuous were the 



52 

efforts of the Committees appointed by the Corporation 
and the Overseers, and so lively the interest of others on 
all sides, that the library soon surpassed its former size, 
and by 1790 had increased to about 12,000 volumes. 
The long roll of donors for 1764 is printed in Quincy's 
History (ii. 485). Besides the gifts of Thomas HolUs, 
there were gifts from Governor Bernard (10 guineas and 
more than 300 volumes), from John Hancock (£554), 
from the province of New Hampshire (£300), from the 
Archbishops of Canterbury and York, from George 
Whitefield, who also by his influence procured large 
numbers of books from others in England, and from 
the various societies for propagating the Gospel and 
promoting Christian knowledge. 

In June, 1775, when Cambridge was occupied by the 
Continental troops, the library was removed to Andover, 
and in November of the same year a part of it was taken 
to Concord whither the College had been transferred. 
The students and the faculty returned to Cambridge in 
June, 1776, but it was not till May, 1778, that the books 
were restored to Harvard Hall. Here the library remained 
till the erection of Gore Hall in 1838, to which the Presi- 
dent and Fellows devoted a part of the bequest received 
from Governor Christopher Gore in 1829. In 1877, 
enlargement was necessary, and the new east wing ^as 
built at an expense of $90,000. Twenty years later, the 
need for further enlargement was met by remodelling old 
Gore Hall. In the lower half of the buikling a three-story 
stack, estimated to hold over 200,000 volumes, in place 
of the 80,000 shelved there before, was built; the upper 
half was made into a reading room with seats for 218 
readers. This room is regarded simply as a temporary 
expedient ; when a new reading room can be built, this 



53 

may be converted into a stack like the floors below it. A 
further addition was built in the summer of 1907 on the 
north side of the building, at an estimated cost of about 
$35,000.* 

Prese7it Admiyiistration . — United in administration 
with the College Library in Gore Hall, and together with 
it forming the University Library, are 10 departmental 
libraries and 28 smaller special reference libraries. The 
extent of the several collections in August, 1906, was as 
follows : — 

Gore Hall (the College Library) 465,500 

Bussey Institution (Jamaica Plain) 4,600 

Phillips Library (Observatory) 11,900 

Herbarium Library (Botanic Garden) 9,800 

Law School 96,500 

Divinity School 36,000 

Medical School (Boston) 12,000 

Dental ScJiool (Boston) 1,000 

Museum of Comparative Zoology 42,400 

Peabody Museum 3,400 

Arnold Arboretum (Jamaica Plain) 14,500 

Twenty-eight special reference libraries .... 44,600 

742,200 

From 24,000 to 37,000 volumes are ordinarily added 
to the whole collection by gift and purchase each year. 

* Por references to the printed and manuscript sources for the 
history of the College Library see "The Librarians of Harvard 
College," by A. C. Potter and C. K. Bolton, and " Descriptive and 
Historical Notes on the Library of Harvard College," by A. C. 
Potter, published as Nos. 52 and 55 of the Bibliographical Contri- 
butions of the Library. The list of John Harvard's books and of 
other early gifts is printed in Mr. Andrew McF. Davis's "Few 
notes concerning the records of Harvard College," Bibl. Contrib. 
No. 27. 



54 



The annual income of the College Library from its 
funds for the purchase of books is about $19,000; and 
the annual gifts for the same purpose average about 
$5,000 more ; the expenses of administration are about 
$44,000. 

The College Library in Gore Hall is open, during term 
time, every week-day (except holiday's) from 9 a.m. to 
10 P.M., and on Sundays from 1 to 5.30 p.m. During 
the summer vacation the Library closes at 5.30 p.m. (at 
1 o'clock on Saturdays) and is not open on Sundays. 
The College Library is for the use of the whole Univer- 
sity, and books may be borrowed by students (three 
volumes at a time), and by instructors and other officers. 
All other persons are free to consult books in the Library, 
and under certain conditions receive permission to borrow. 
Professors from other colleges are always welcome. Books 
are also lent to other libraries when they can be spared 
without injury to work going on in Cambridge. 

Officers of the University have direct access to the 
shelves in all parts of the Librar}^, and students engaged 
in advanced work are allowed access to those parts of 
the collection with which they are occupied. All stu- 
dents have the direct use of about 24,000 volumes in 
the reading room and the adjoining rooms. 

The Books of the 'Library. — No complete statement 
of the strength of the Library in different departments 
is given here ; but mention is made of the chief special 
fields in which the Library is strong as a result of notable 
gifts or collections received. 

The collection relating to American histor}^ biography, 
genealogy, and geograph}^ numbers about 34,000 volumes, 
of which over 22,000 relate to the United States. The 



55 



basis of the collection was the libraries formed by Pro- 
fessor Ebeling and David B. Warden, the former the gift 
of Colonel Israel Thorndike, of Boston, in 1818, and the 
latter presented by Samuel Atkins Eliot, in 1823. (See 
Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. 
I, p. 3.) Both collections are rich in early publications. 

The collection on American slavery numbers 1,080 vol- 
umes, including over 150 volumes of pamphlets, and is 
largely the result of the assiduity of Charles Sumner and 
of Thomas Wentworth Higginson. 

Jared Sparks, of the Class of 1815, President of the 
University from 1849 till 1853, left his collection of 
manuscripts — mostly copies, but including some origi- 
nals, such as the papers of Governor Bernard — to the 
Library, and his family has since placed in the Library 
his private manuscripts, correspondence, diaries, etc. 

Other original manuscripts relating to American history 
are the papers of Arthur Lee, which were left to the 
Library in 1827. Two other parts of the same collection 
were given at the same time to the American Philosophi- 
cal Society in Philadelphia and to the Library of the 
University of Virghiia. 

The collection on German history now numbers nearly 
12,000 volumes. The greater part of this has been 
received within the last few years and is known as the 
HohenzoUern Collection ; it is a gift from Assistant 
Professor A. C. Coolidge in commemoration of the visit 
of Prince Henry of Prussia to the University in 1902. 
It is Professor Coolidge's intention to increase this collec- 
tion until it shall number 10,000 volumes. The collection 
is especially strong in the publications of German histori- 
cal societies, and in early and local German history. 



56 

About 2,800 volumes came from the library of Professor 
Konrad von Maurer, given by Professor Coolidge in 1904 ; 
the rest have been bought, mainly in Germany. 

A recent anonymous gift of over $1,000 has established 
a collection on Dutch history, to be known as the John 
Lothrop Motley Collection. 

The books on the history of the Ottoman Empire and 
the relations between Turkey and Europe come in large 
part from the library of Count Paul Riant, presented in 
1900 by Mr. J. R. Coohdge and Assistant Professor A. C. 
Coolidge. The collection numbers over 3,500 volumes. 

The collection on the Crusades and the Crusading 
Knights and the Latin kingdoms of Constantinople, 
Jerusalem and Greece, numbering 900 volumes, is also 
largely composed of books from the Riant library. 

The Library received under the will of Thomas Carlyle 
his collection of books on Cromwell and Frederick the 
Great, numbering 470 volumes. 

There are also a number of interesting special collec- 
tions on various countries and cities that have been mainly 
built up in the last few years by annual gifts from several 
graduates. Among these may be mentioned China, 
Japan, South America, Morocco, and Algiers ; London, 
Paris, Florence, Venice, and other towns of Northern 
Italy ; and ItaUan history of the Risorgimento period. 

The collection of English literature has been greatly 
strengthened in the last few years by means of generous 
gifts received from many friends of the Library. By 
means of these gifts many rare and early editions have 
been bought that could not have been purchased with the 
income ordinarily available. Especial attention has been 
given to building up the section devoted to the writers 



57 



of the latter part of the seventeenth and those of the 
eighteenth centuries. Among authors that are partic- 
ularly well represented may be mentioned Chaucer, Shake- 
speare, Donne (of whose works a notable collection was 
received in the library of Professor Norton), Dryden, 
Milton (including a valuable collection of his works be- 
queathed by the late George Ticknor of Boston), Swift, 
Byron, Browning, and Tennyson. The collection of the 
original editions of the dramatists includes some of the 
earlier writers, notably Shirley and Massinger, but is 
especially strong in the restoration and eighteenth century 
periods. The whole collection of English literature con- 
tains nearly 22,000 volumes. 

The collection of books by and relating to Dante con- 
tains 2,600 volumes. In 1884, Professor Charles Eliot 
Norton gave to the College Library the larger part of 
his valuable collection on Dante, and in 1896 the col- 
lection of Dante literature (175 volumes) of George Tick- 
nor, Smith Professor, 1817-35, was given to the Library 
by his heirs. The Dante Society has for many years 
made an annual appropriation for the purchase of books 
in this department, and the Library is under constant obli- 
gation to foreign writers, especially Italians, who have 
presented many of their works. There is also a good 
collection on Tasso, partly received in the Riant library 
in 1900, but largely increased since. 

The collection of folklore and mediaeval romances, 
numbering over 10,300 volumes, is supposed to be the 
largest in existence. Professor Francis James Child, who 
is chiefly responsible for its formation, based upon the 
material here brought together his English and Scottish 
Popular Ballads. There is also an excellent collection 
of chap-books, English and foreign. 



58 



The Slavic collection now comprises 7,300 volumes 
relating to the history and literature of the Slavic 
nations. 

The collection of Scandinavian literature and history 
contains about 5,300 volumes. Nearly half of this 
number was received in 1904 as a gift from Assistant 
Professor A. C. Coolidge and formed part of the library 
of Professor Konrad von Maurer of Munich. 

The collection of Sanskrit literature includes about 450 
printed texts, about 500 manuscripts, the gift of Fitz- 
edward Hall, of the Class of 1846, and about 1300 other 
manuscripts purchased for the Library in India by Profes- 
sor Lanman. Many of the printed books were given by Dr. 
Henry Ware AYales, of the Class of 1838 ; to increase 
the collection, his brother, Mr. George Washington Wales, 
gave for many years $200 a year ; and an Income of 
S300 a year for the purchase of books in this depart- 
ment has lately become available, provided from a fund 
bequeathed by the former. In 1899, a further addition 
of nearly 500 volumes was received from Mr. Hall, and 
at the death of Mr. Henry C. Warren, of Cambridge, 
a large part of his valuable library of Sanskrit literature 
was added to this collection. 

The collection of classical literature and philology 
forms one of the large and important divisions of the 
Library, comprising all the principal Greek and Latin 
authors both in early and in later critical editions and 
commentaries. There is also much material on classical 
archaeology and philology. The whole collection includes 
nearly 25,000 volumes. 

An extensive collection of Judaeo-German (Yiddish) 
books, and another of Slovak literature have been gath- 
ered through the efforts of Professor Wiener. 



59 



The Library is well supplied, particularly with the older 
books, in all departments of theology and Biblical criti- 
cism. The collection of printed sermons probably numbers 
about 10,000. 

In 1888, John Harvey Treat, of the Class of 1862, 
presented his collection of works on ritualism and doctri- 
nal theology, numbering 587 titles ; and lately the col- 
lection of books on the catacombs and early Christian 
antiquities has been largely increased at his expense. 

The collection of music, including both printed books 
relating to music and musical scores, numbers over 5,600 
volumes. Provision for its increase is made by a fund 
left by Francis Boott, of the Class of 1831. 

The collection of books on the theatre is based on the 
library formed b}^ the late Robert W. Lowe, of London, 
and presented in 1903 by Mr. John Drew, of New York. 
Additions have since been made, largely by means of 
gifts from a recent graduate in Boston, until the collec- 
tion now numbers 1,600 volumes. 

The library of Professor Charles Eliot Norton was pre- 
sented in 1905 by a few of his friends and admirers, and the 
rarer portion of the collection has already been received. 
Containing only about 600 volumes, it was nevertheless 
a most precious addition. There are many specimens of 
early printing and of early wood-cut engraving, and also 
a number of old manuscripts. There are rare first edi- 
tions of such authors as Shelley, Keats, and Words- 
worth, and also many books that are interesting from 
having belonged to eminent men and bearing their 
autographs. There is a special fund for adding other 
rare books to the collection from time to time. 



60 

In 1903, the collections formed by the late Professor 
Ferdinand Bdcher on Moli^re and the dramatists contem- 
porary with him and on Montaigne (about 2,500 volumes 
and pamphlets) were presented by Mr. James H. Hyde, 
'98. A catalogue of the portion relating to Moli^re was 
issued as Bibliographical Contribution, No. 57. 

In 1894, the private library of Francis Parkman was 
received by bequest. 

The family of the poet Longfellow, Smith Professor, 
1836-54, have given to the Library from time to time vol- 
umes of American poetry, most of them presentation 
copies, amountiug altogether to nearly 700 volumes. 

Charles Sumner bequeathed his whole library to Har- 
vard in 1874. The collection was a general one, but it 
embraces many books of curious and bibliographical 
interest, and interesting autographs. Sumner's corre- 
spondence, mounted in 171 volumes, has also come to the 
Library since the death of Mr. Edward L. Pierce, his 
biographer. 

In 1892, Mr. John Bartlett, of Cambridge, gave to the 
Library his collection of books on angling, fishes, and 
fish culture, numbering 1014 volumes and 269 pamphlets. 
Mr. Bartlett also gave his collection of Proverbs and 
Emblems, comprising about 250 volumes. 

The collection of loose maps numbers over 24,000 
sheets, the basis of it being that formed by the late Pro- 
fessor Ebeling of Germany, which came to the Library 
with his collection of Americana in 1818. It has been 
added to from time to time, particularly so as to complete 
the cartographical publications of the Uuited States gov- 
ernment and the topographical surveys of the principal 
European countries. The collection of bound maps and 
atlases numbers over 900 volumes. 



61 



Catalogues of many of the special collections mentioned 
above have been printed in the series of Bibliographical 
Contributions issued by the Library from time to time. 

The Uyuversity Archives are kept in the Library, the 
Librarian being also keeper of the University Records. 
Supplementary to the Archives is a collection of Har- 
vardiana, numbering over 4500 volumes and pamphlets. 

The President's House, the central of the three 
dwellings on the Quincy Street side of the Yard, was 
completed in July, 1861, at a cost of over $16,000, paid 
from a fund established by a gift of $10,000 received in 
April, 1846, from the Hon. Peter C. Brooks. It has 
been occupied by President Felton, President Hill, and 
President Eliot. 

The house to the south of the President's House was 
built about 1820 by Dr. Thomas Foster. From 1822 to 
1832 it was the home of the poet, Richard H. Dana, and 
here in 1830 his sister was married to Washington 
Allston. In 1839 a revolving dome was erected on the 
top of the house and it became the first Observatory of 
the College, being occupied from 1839 to 1844 by William 
Cranch Bond, the first Harvard Astronomer. For many 
years it was the residence of Professor (afterwards Presi- 
dent) Cornelius C. Felton. Later it was occupied by 
Dr. Andrew P. Peabody, Class of 1826, the beloved 
Preacher to the University from 1860 to 1881. Its 
present occupant is Professor George Herbert Palmer. 

The house adjoining the President's on the north was 
long occupied by Professor Josiah Parsons Cooke ; its 



62 



next occupant was Professor N. S. Shaler, Dean of the 
Scientific School; it is now the residence of Professor 
W. W. Fenn, Dean of the Divinity School. 

The Harvard Union. Seep. 160. 

Warren House, formerly the residence of Professor 
Charles Beck, then of his daughter, Mrs. Moring, and 
finally of the late Henry Clarke Warren, of the Class of 
1879, a Sanskrit scholar and a generous beuef actor of 
Harvard University, was bequeathed to the University by 
its last owner with the land on which it stood,— the 
present site of the Harvard Union. 

The house is now used by the Department of Indie 
Philology and by the Division of Modern Languages, 
and contains the Sanskrit Library (900 volumes), The 
Child Memorial Library of Enghsh (4500 volumes), The 
Lowell Memorial Library of Romance Literature (1500 
volumes), The Library of the French Department (2500 
volumes), and The Library of the German Department 
(1300 volumes). There are also rooms for the meeting 
of some of the smaller advanced courses in these depart- 
ments. 

The Child Memorial Library was founded in 1897 by 
a subscription among the friends and the former pupils 
of Professor Francis James Child to perpetuate the 
memory of his services to the University and to learning. 
This subscription resulted in a sum of nearly $11,000, 
the income of which is spent under the direction of the 
Department of English for the purchase of books relating 
to the study of English. 



I 



63 



The Loivell Memorial Library of Romance Literature 
includes about 700 volumes from the library of the late 
James Russell Lowell, acquired in 1900 by means of 
subscriptions received from many of Mr. Lowell's friends 
and pupils. The books all relate to the earlier periods 
of the Romance literatures, modern literature not being- 
included in the scope of the library. It is hoped that a 
fund to provide for its increase may be secured. 

The Library of the Department of French is, like the 
other collections in Warren House, strictly a reference 
library for the use of instructors and students in the 
higher courses. It comprises a careful selection of the 
most useful works in French literature from the middle 
ages to the present day. The books are classified, and 
a card catalogue facilitates consultation. 

The Library of the Department of Lidic Philology^ in 
the second story of the House, contains books on the 
religions, the antiquities, and the literature of India, in 
part supplementing and in part duplicating the collection 
in the College Library. Some 500 manuscripts of San- 
skrit and Prakrit texts, purchased for the University by 
Professor Lanman in India, are at present housed in the 
Semitic Museum. These, with about as many more given 
to the University by Dr. Fitzedward Hall, of the Class of 
1846, and some 800 others sent from India, form the 
largest collection of Indie manuscripts in America. 

This library also contains maps and many large, 
mounted photographs of Indie antiquities and scenery. 
From these pictures there have been made several hundred 
lantern-slides, illustrating especially subjects concerning 
the archaeology of India, and this collection of slides is 
from time to time increased. In the hall are placed three 



64 



cases with over 340 electrotype reproductions, made from 
the originals in the British Museum, of coins struck in 
India before the Mohammedan invasion of 1000 a.d. 

The library also possesses the Siamese edition of the 
Sacred Books of the Buddhists, in 39 volumes, made by 
the King of Siam to commemorate the 25th anniversary 
of his recession to the throne, and by him given to the 
University. 

Emerson Hall, the building for Philosophy, is situ- 
ated in the College Yard south of Sever Hall. It was 
completed in December, 1905, and its cost, including 
equipment, was approximately $200,000. This sum was 
contributed by various friends of the University. The 
largest single gift was one of $160,000 from an anony- 
mous donor, $50,000 of which was applied to the building 
fund, and $100,000 to be used as a permanent endow- 
ment for the Department of Social Ethics. $25,000 was 
contributed anonymously for furniture for the equipment 
for the Psychological Laboratory, and for the decoration 
of the Committee Room. The building was designed by 
Mr. Guy Lowell, of Boston. 

In the main hall of the first floor there stands a large 
bronze statue of Emerson by Mr. Frank Duveneck, of 
Cincinnati. This floor contains a large lecture hall seat- 
ing 500, a seminary room, a conference room, a com- 
mittee room for the use of members of the Division of 
Philosophy, and three lecture rooms. 

The second floor contains the general Library of Phil- 
osophy and the various rooms used by the Department of 
Social Ethics. The Library of Philosophy contains over 
2900 bound volumes and all of the more important phil- 



65 

osophical and psychological periodicals. Most of the 
books belong to the Robbins Library, the gift of Mr. 
Reginald C. Robbins, of Boston, of the Class of 1892. 
This gift provided for the purchase of selected works 
on the History of Philosophy, Systematic Philosophy, 
Logic, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Religion, and Ethics. 
The Schelling Collection, comprising first editions of this 
author's writings and numerous volumes of contempo- 
rary criticism, was the gift of Professor Josiah Royce. 
There is also a special collection of books relating to 
Psychology. 

The rooms of the Social Ethics Department include a 
lecture room with a capacity of 200, a seminary room, a 
conference room, a library, and two rooms occupied by 
the Social Museum. The librarj^ of 1900 volumes is a 
special collection for the use of students of Social Ethics, 
with conveniences for study and research. The Social 
Museum is a collection of graphical material illustrating 
by photographs, models, diagrams, and charts many 
movements of social welfare and industrial progress. 
Among such illustrative material ma}^ be named the ex- 
hibits made at the St. Louis Exposition by the German 
Government-Insurance System, and by German indus- 
trial establishments concerned with the welfare of their 
working people ; exhibits from France, Belgium, Italy, 
and Japan, illustrating cooperation, municipal progress, 
improved dwellings, and philanthropic institutions ; a 
partial duplicate of the exhibit of the United States 
Bureau of Labor concerning wages, strikes, and trade- 
unions ; charts representing life insurance statistics ; 
illustrations of welfare work in American industries ; 
photographic collections illustrating charity, industrial 
methods, immigration, prison reform, etc. 



66 

The third floor is occupied by the Psychological Labo- 
ratory, founded in 1891 by Professor William James. It 
comprises a lecture room with demonstration apparatus, 
a class room, a vivarium for the students in Comparative 
Psychology, a workshop for the making and repairing of 
instruments, a store-room for these, a battery room from 
which electricity is distributed through the Laboratory, a 
photographic room, and fifteen research rooms. Aside 
from the instrumental equipment, many of the rooms 
embody special features of design that adapt them to the 
requirements of the most diverse psychological investi- 
gations. 

Sever Hall, completed in 1880 at a cost of about 
$115,000, is named for Mrs. Ann E. P. Sever, who left 
$100,000 to the College. It was designed by Henry 
Hobson Richardson, of the Class of 1851). It contains 
37 rooms, used chiefly for recitations and lectures. The 
special library of the Department of Mathematics is tem- 
porarily placed in Sever Hall until more suitable provision 
in the College Library or elsewhere shall be made for it. 
In the various rooms are displayed numerous photographic 
reproductions, including portraits of literary and historical 
celebrities, important paintings, and views of historical 
scenes and buildings and of Paris and other French cities. 
There are also numerous plaster casts of ancient and 
modern objects of art. The Collection of Classical 
Antiquities in Sever 25 and 27 consists of original 
material for the study of archaeology and art, such as 
Greek and Roman coins, vases and terra cottas, Roman 
inscriptions, and specimens of building materials (includ- 
ing a large number of specimens of Roman marbles). 




EMERSON HALL 




NELSON ROBINSON JR. HALL 



67 

Persons interested can usually get access to the rooms by 
applying to the officer in charge, or, in his absence, to 
the porter of the hall. 

Nelson Robinson Jr. Hall, the Architecture 
Building, in the College Yard, at the corner of Quincy 
Street and Broadway, was built in 1900-01, and, w4th its 
equipment and endowment, was given by the parents of 
Nelson Robinson, Jr., of New York, of the Class of 1900, 
as a memorial to him, their only child, who died in his 
Junior year at College. The entire gift — building, 
equipment, and endowment — approached half a million 
dollars. The building contains on the ground floor a hall 
of casts, a large lecture room, a room for freehand draw- 
ing, an exhibition room, a small lecture room, and a 
room for modelling, besides instructors' and coat rooms. 
This floor is open to visitors from 1 to 5 in the afternoon. 
To visit the other parts of the building, one must be 
accompanied by an officer of the University. The hall of 
casts, which runs through two stories, contains full size 
casts of important architectural subjects. These include 
one corner of the temple of Nike Apteros (the Wingless 
Victory) from the Acropolis at Athens, the orders of the 
Temple of Theseus at Athens, the Mausoleum at Halikar- 
nassus, the temple of Vesta at Tivoli, and a part of the 
Arch of Trajan at Beneventum ; on the western wall is a 
cast of the balcony and window enframement of the Can- 
celleria palace in Rome. This hall also contains casts 
of the fountain by Verrochio in the courtyard of the Pa- 
lazzo Vecchio in Florence ; of the Roman altar found at 
Ostia ; of an Egyptian lion from the Vatican Museum ; of 
the bronze statue of the charioteer recently excavated at 



68 



Delphi ; of the Diadumenos of Delos ; of a table stand 
from the house of Cornelius Ruf us at Pompeii ; and exam- 
ples of Greek capitals and of Roman cornices, vases, 
Renaissance candelabra, and a few smaller objects. There 
are also a number of original marbles, chiefly Roman and 
Italian Renaissance. Among them are several Cor- 
inthian capitals of different periods, two marble shafts 
found near the railroad station in Rome, fragments of 
candelabra and cornices, and an ancient marble Roman 
Corinthian capital found at Corneto, the gift of several 
graduates in architecture. A full size cast of the door- 
way of the Temple of Hercules at Cori serves as the 
enframement of the large entrance door in this hall. 

Serving in the same capacity for the door of the large 
lecture room opposite the main entrance there is a cast of 
a doorway in the interior of the Palazzo di Venezia in 
Rome. This lecture room is provided with two stereop- 
tlcons in a gallery, and contains on its walls in glass cases 
fine examples of textiles, prints, and embroideries, mostly 
Oriental. There also hang on the rear wall some drawings 
by modern artists and copies of the work of old European 
masters. At the northeastern end of the corridor is the 
room for freehand drawing, containing an interesting col- 
lection of casts, mainly of subjects of mediaeval architec- 
ture, such as capitals from the triforium gallery of Laon 
Cathedral, crockets from Troyes, details from Rheims, 
and Romanesque capitals from Moissac. On the walls 
and in the cases provided for the purpose are especially 
valuable collections of architectural drawings in water- 
color and pencil b}'' such English masters as Turner, 
Prout, Cox, Grirtin, Harding and Cotman, Raskin, Hol- 
land, and Barney. There is also a collection of American 




SEVER HALL 




THE WILLIAM HAYES FOGG ART MUSEUM 



69 



drawings, the larger number of which are by Joseph 
Lindon Smith. Many of these are loaned to the depart- 
ment by their owner, Dr. Denman W. Ross. Mrs. David 
P. Kimball, of Boston, presented to the department in 1901 
the large painting of the rock-cut temple of Abu Simbel 
which hangs in this room. The corresponding painting 
of the interior of the temple of Philae was given by Mr. 
A. C. Hemenway in 1905. Both paintings are the work 
of Mr. J. L. Smith. 

Just outside the door to the freehand drawing room 
in the corridor are full size casts of portions of the Re- 
naissance choir screen in Chartres Cathedral. 

At the left of the western entrance is a room now used 
chiefly for advanced classes in drawing, containing many 
casts of Greek, Roman, and Renaissance detail on its 
walls, and in glass cases in the centre of the room are 
examples of pottery, chiefly Oriental, loaned to the de- 
partment by Dr. Denman W. Ross. The room opposite, 
to the right of the west entrance, is used as an exhibition 
room for building materials, models, etc. It contains a 
model of two bays of the nave of the Cathedral of 
Rheims. 

The second story contains the large drawing rooms, and 
in close connection with these are the library and a small 
drawing room. 

The William Hayes Fogg Art Museum, 
nearly opposite Memorial Hall, is a fireproof building of 
Indiana stone, erected at a cost of about $150,000. It 
was completed in the year 1895. It was founded by Mrs. 
Elizabeth Fogg, of New York, in memory of her husband, 
whose name it bears. Mrs. Fogg bequeathed to the 



70 

President and Fellows for this purpose the sum of 
$220,000. Out of this sum, with its accrued interest, 
after the cost of the building had been paid, the expenses 
of the first equipment of the Museum were met, and the 
remainder (about $50,000) is reserved as a fund to defray 
a part of the cost of maintenance and administration. 

The building is of two stories, having a lecture-room, 
with a seating capacity of about five hundred, attached. 
The ground floor is divided into a large hall and five 
smaller rooms. In the main exhibition hall are gathered 
several important original works of Greek sculpture, as 
follows : A marble statue of Meleager found in the year 
1895 at San Marinella, near Rome; an Aphrodite and a 
Narcissus, also in marble ; a colossal head in red marble ; 
and several Greek and Greco-Roman reliefs. Here are, 
also, casts of some of the finest examples of Greek and 
Greco-Roman sculpture, illustrating the work of all periods 
of Greek art. Among the important objects represented 
are the colossal statue of Apollo from the temple of Zeus 
at Olympia ; a large portion of the frieze and the pedi- 
ment sculptures of the Parthenon ; the Hermes of Praxi- 
teles ; the Venus of Melos ; various sculptures lately 
found at Epidaurus ; a colossal relief from the Arch of 
Trajan at Beneventum ; and others. In the middle west 
room is a small number of casts from Egyptian and As- 
syrian sculptures ; in the northwest room a classified 
collection of electrotypes from Greek and Roman coins, 
a small collection of fine Greek vases, ancient bronzes, 
gold ornaments, and glass cinerary urns, and a collection 
of French and Italian medals of the Renaissance. In 
the east room are a few casts from mediaeval sculptures, 
and a considerable number of casts from sculptures of 



71 



the Italian Renaissance. Among these last are the beau- 
tiful recumbent statue from the tomb of Ilaria del Carretto 
by Jacopo clella Querela, the St. George of Donatello, the 
David of Verrochio, and several of the finest works of 
Michael Angelo — including two figures from the Medicean 
tombs, the Pieta of Rome, and the Madonna of S. 
Lorenzo. 

An interesting series of casts from portraits of Julius 
Caesar, presented by their collector, Mr. F. J. Scott, to 
the Classical Department, are also exhibited here. 

On the walls of the corridor of the upper floor a large 
number of photographs from drawings by the Italian and 
German masters of the Renaissance will be found, together 
with a number of solar enlargements of photographs from 
Egyptian, Greek, and Mediaeval architectural monuments. 
In the large upper gallery are several original examples 
of Italian painting of high character, original works in 
water-color by Turner, and a small number of water-color 
drawings by artists of the early English school. The 
remaining space in this gallery is at present used for the 
exhibition, by relays, of photographs from works of art 
of various schools and epochs. The west rooms on this 
floor are devoted to the storage of photographs and to 
the work of administration. 

The collection of photographs numbers more than 
40,000. It affords a wide range of illustrations of 
the Fine Arts of all epochs and all countries, including 
architecture, sculpture, and painting. These photographs, 
which are kept in dust-proof cases, are conveniently clas- 
sified and catalogued for use. They are always acces- 
sible to members of the University, and other suitable 
persons, on application to the Director's assistants. Large 



72 



tables are provided for convenient examination" of the 
photographs, and conveniences for tracing, copying, and 
note-taking are afforded. 

In the larger east room on this floor, and in a part of 
the great gallery, are deposited the Gray and the Randall 
collections of engravings, which together include about 
30,000 prints. The Gray Collection was bequeathed to 
Harvard College, with provision for its increase and main- 
tenance, by Francis Calley Gray, of the Class of 1809. 
It is rich in prints from the works of the great early 
German and Italian wood and metal engravers and 
etchers ; and contains many specimens of later forms of 
engraving, including numerous examples of more modern 
work. This collection is exhibited by relays in glazed 
dust-proof cases ; and access to the prints in the storage 
cases may always be had, under suitable regulations, on 
application to the Director or his assistants. 

The Randall Collection was given to the College in 
the year 1892 by Miss Belinda L. Randall in accordance 
with the wishes of her brother, John Witt Randall, of 
the Class of 1834, together with the sum of $30,000 to 
establish a fund, the income of which is to be used, so far 
as it may be needed, for the care and preservation of the 
prints ; any surplus income may be used at the discre- 
tion of the President and Fellows for the general purposes 
of ' ' the department of Engravings and allied branches of 
the Fine Arts." This large collection, gathered by Mr. 
Randall to illustrate the history of the art of engraving, 
contains some very important prints. 

The Randall Collection is accessible under the same 
regulations as those which apply to the Gray Collection. 

The Musemn is open to the public from 9 a.m. till 
5 P.M. on week-days, and on Sundays from 1 till 5 p.m. 



73 



The Germanic Museum is temporarily housed in 
the Rogers Building, more generally known as the Old 
Gymnasium. This was built in 1858 at a cost of about 
$9,500, of which $8,000 was given anonymously by a 
graduate of the University. The name of the donor 
was made known after his death ; he was Henry Brom- 
field Rogers, of the Class of 1822. Until the erection of 
the Hemenway Gymnasium in 1878, this building was 
used as a gymnasium ; it then served as a storehouse 
and carpenter shop till 1894, when it was occupied and 
remodelled by the Department of Engineering, which 
continued to occupy it until 1902, when the depart- 
ment removed to Pierce Hall. 

The Germanic Museum is intended to illustrate by 
means of plaster casts and other kinds of reproduction the 
outward aspect of the development of Germanic civili- 
zation. The present collection, apart from a large number 
of photographs of German architectural and sculptural 
monuments chiefly from the Konighch Preussische Mess- 
bildanstalt, contains models and reproductions of repre- 
sentative works of German industry and art from the first 
to the eighteenth century. Among them are the follow- 
ing : A figure of a Roman soldier (1st century) ; a model 
of the Nydam Boat, from the Museum of Kiel (5th cen- 
tury) ; a figure of a Prankish Warrior, from the Museum 
of Mainz (7th century) ; the Bernward Column and the 
bronze gates of Hildesheim Cathedral (11th century) ; 
Choir Screen of St. Michael's at Hildesheim (12th 
century) ; the Golden Gate of Freiberg Cathedral (13th 
century) ; statues of Emperor Henry II, Empress Kuni- 
gunde and a Sibyl from Bamberg Cathedral (13th cen- 
tury) ; the Rood-Screen and eleven Founders' statues 



74 



from Naumburg Cathedral (13th century) ; statues of a 
Wise and a Foolish Virgin, of the Ecclesia and Synagoga, 
and of two Virtues, and a relief of the Death of Mary 
from Strassburg Cathedral (13th century) ; the Praying 
Virgin of the Germanic Museum at Niirnberg (15th 
century) ; a model of the Hohkonigsburg in Alsace 
(15th centur}^) ; figure of a Swiss Warrior from a fountain 
at Schaifhausen (16th century) ; Peter Vischer's Tomb of 
St. Sebald's at Niirnberg, Tomb of Count and Countess 
of Henneberg at Romhild, and statue of King Arthur at 
Innsbruck ; statue of Emperor Maximilian from his Tomb 
at Innsbruck ; reliefs and statuettes from Briiggemann's 
Altarpiece at Schleswig Cathedral ; Adam Kraft's Seventh 
Station ; Renaissance door from the Hirschvogel Saal, 
Niirnberg ; galvanoplastic reproductions of plaquettes by 
Floetner and other masters of the 16th century; Andreas 
Schliiter's equestrian statue of the Great Elector at 
Berlin ; Schadow's statue of Frederick the Great at 
Stettin ; galvanoplastic reproductions of representative 
specimens of German gold- and silversmith's work from 
the 15th to the 18th century. 

The Museum is open to the public Mondays and 
Fridays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m., and Thursdays and 
Sundays from 1 till 5 p.m. 

Memorial Hall and Sanders Theatre. — When 
the President and Fellows voted to accept this building, 
they took occasion to say of it that it was "the most 
valuable gift which the University has ever received, in 
respect alike to cost, daily usefulness, and moral signifi- 
cance." The daily usefulness of the building is chiefly 
due to its western end, which serves as a dining hall for 




< 
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75 



students ; the eastern end is the principal place of assem- 
bly on occasions of academic ceremonial ; the moral 
significance of the whole is set forth especially in the 
transept, which one enters first. 

Sanders Thexitre, as the eastern end is called, is named 
for Charles Sanders, of the Class of 1802, from whose 
bequest it was built. The dining hall and the transept 
were built by a committee of the alumni, with funds given 
by numerous graduates and friends of the University, as 
a memorial to the sons of Harvard who fought for the 
preservation of the Union, and especially to those who 
fell. 

At a meetiug of graduates in Boston, in May, 1865, a 
committee of eleven was appointed to consider the subject 
of a permanent memorial. They reported at the next 
Commencement in favor of a memorial hall. A commit- 
tee of fifty was named, with full power to act. Charles 
Greely Loring, of the Class of 1812, was made chairman, 
and many distinguished gentlemen Avere among his asso- 
ciates. The plan of a memorial hall, providing a meeting 
place for the alumni, a dining hall for the students, and a 
commemorative monument to the soldiers of Harvard, was 
adopted ; William Robert Ware, of the Class of 1852, and 
Henry Van Brunt, of the Class of 1854, were appointed 
architects ; and a building committee and a committee on 
finance were appointed to carry out the work. The old 
*' Delta," long a playground, was secured for a site, the 
University obtaining Jarvis Field in exchange. The 
corner-stone was laid October 6, 1870 ; the dining hall 
and the memorial vestibule were finished in the summer 
of 1874 ; Sanders Theatre was first occupied Commence- 
ment Day, 1876. The whole building was transferred to 



76 



the President and Fellows in July, 1878. The total cost 
up to that time was $368,482, Many additions and 
adornments have since been given by classes, individual 
graduates, and friends. The extreme length of the build- 
ing is 305 feet ; the width through the axis of the transept 
is ] 13 feet ; the tower is 190 feet high. The clock in the 
tower is the gift of the Class of 1872, and was placed 
there in 1897. On the exterior of the theatre, at the east 
end, are busts of seven orators — Demosthenes, Cicero, 
St. Chrysostom, Bossuet, Pitt, Burke, and Webster, all 
executed in sandstone by John Evans, of Boston ; at the 
west end, in the cloister porch, are a marble statue of 
President Everett, by Hiram Powers, a bronze bust of 
President Walker, by Miss Anne Whitney, and a tablet 
erected to the memory of Edward Augustus Wild, of the 
Class of 1844, Brigadier General, United States Volun- 
teers. The iron gates of the cloister were given by a 
member of the Class of 1871. Inscription : — 

C • A . GOODNOW • A . B • 1871 
FORES • SVA . PEC • F 

The inscriptions on the outside of the building are as 
follows : — 

The dedicatory inscription, beginning above the south 
entrance to the transept and ending above the north 
entrance, is as follows : — 

MEMORIAE • EORVM 

QVI • HIS • IN • SEDIBVS • INSTITVTI 

MORTEM • PRO • PATRIA • OPPETIVERVNT 

VT • VIRTVTIS • EXEMPLA 

SEMPER . APVD • VOS • VIGEANT 

SODALES • AMICIQVE • POSVERVNT 



77 



Which may be translated : — 

In memory of 

the men trained here 

who 

Gave their Lives for their Country 

this Hall is built 

by their Classmates and Friends 

to the end that Ensamples of Manhood 

be ever in honor among you. 

The dates 1861 and 1865 are inscribed on the south 
front, though they form no part of the dedicatory sentence. 

Above the great west window are the words hvmanitas • 
viRTVS • PiETAS, and below it : aedificata • ann • dom • 

MDCCCLXXI • ANN • COLL • HARV • CCXXXV • 

In the interior of the transept, above the wainscoting, 
the two rising to a height of 24 feet, are marble tablets 
inscribed with the names of those students and graduates 
who fell in the war for the Union. Of these, 97 had been 
in Harvard College, 17 in the Medical School, 13 in the 
Law School, 6 in the Scientific School, 2 in the Divinity 
School, and 1 in the Astronomical Observatory. The 
dates of their deaths and the places where they fell 
are also given. Above the tablets are various inscrip- 
tions, as follows : — 

On the east wall, in the centre : — 

THIS HALL 

COMMEMORATES THE PATRIOTISM 

OF THE GRADUATES AND STUDENTS OF THIS UNIVERSITY 

WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES 

DURING THE WAR FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE UNION 

AND UPON THESE TABLETS 

ARE INSCRIBED THE NAMES OF THOSE AMONG THEM 

WHO DIED IN THAT SERVICE 



On the east wall near the south entrance, from Cicero, 
Philippics^ 14, 34 : — 

OPTIMA • EST • HAEC • CONSOLATIO 

PARENTIBVS • QVOD • TANTA • REIPA'BLICAE • PRAESIDIA • GENVERVNT 

LIBERIS • QVOD • HABEBVNT • DOMESTICA • EXE3IPLA • VIRTVTIS 

CONIVGIBVS • QVOD • IIS • VIRIS • CAREBVNT 

QVOS • LAVDARE • QVAM • LVGERE • PRAESTABIT 

Translation : This is the best comfort unto their 
parents, that they have begotten such strong defences 
of the Republic, unto their children that they shall have 
of their own kindred examples of manhood, unto their 
wives that they shall be widows of husbands fitter for 
eulogy than for weeds. 

At the other end of the east wall, frOm the Vulgate 
version of St. Luke, 17, 33 : — 

QVICVNQVE • QVAESIERIT • ANIMAM • SVAM 

SALVAM . FACERE • PERDET • ILLAM 

ET • QVICVNQVE • PERDIDERIT • ILLAM • VIVIFICABIT • EAM 

"Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it ; 
and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it." 

Below this is the hexameter verse, adapted from Lucre- 
tius, 3, 869 : — 

MORTALEM . VITAM • MORS • INMORTALIS • ADEMIT 

That is : — 

. Immortal death hath reft their mortal life away. 
On the west wall, proceeding from south to north : — 

Cicero's version of Simonides's epigram on the Spartans 
who fell at Thermopylae (Tusc. Disp. 1, 101) : — 

Die • HOSPES • SPARTAE • NOS • TE • HIC • VIDISSE • lACENTES 
DVM • SANCTIS • PATRIAE • LEGIBVS • OBSEQVIMVR 



79 



Translation : — 



Tell Sparta, friend, you saw us lying here 
Obedient to our country's holy laws. 

From Cicero, Philippics^ 14, 31 : — 

O • FORTVNATA • MORS • QVAE • NATVRAE • DEBITA 
PRO • PATRIA • EST • POTISSIMVM • REDDITA 

Translation : O happy death when the debt to Nature 
is paid with free choice for one's native land ! 

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon^ 4, 13 : — 

CONSVMMATI • IN • BREVI • EXPLEVERVNT • TEMPORA • MVLTA 

They, ^' being made perfect in a short time, fulfilled a 
long time." 

From Plautus, Amphitruo, 649 : — 

VIRTVS • OMNIBVS • REBVS • ANTEIT • PROFECTO 
LIBERTAS • SALVS • VITA • RES • ET • PARENTES 
ET • PATRIA . ET • PROGNATI • TVTANTVR • SERVANTVR 

Translation : — 

In sooth, 'tis Courage that surpasseth all : 
The watch and ward of freedom, safety, life. 
Of fortune, parents, offspring, fatherland. 

From Cicero, Philip)pics^ 14, 30 : — 

GRATA • EORVM • VIRTVTEM • MEMORIA • PROSEQVI 
QVI • PRO • PATRIA • VITAM • PROFVDERVNT 

Translation : With grateful memory to honor them that 
have yielded up life for native land. 



80 



From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 32 ; — 

BREVIS • A • NATVRA • NOBIS • VITA • DATA • EST 
AT • MEMORIA • BENE • REDDITAE • VITAE • SEMPITERNA 

Translation : A short life hath been given by Nature 
unto man ; but the remembrance of a life laid down in a 
good cause endureth for ever. 

From Bacon, AntitJieta 5, in his De Augmentis Scientia- 
rum, lib. 6 : — 

BRVTORVM • AETERNITAS • SVBOLES 
VIRORVM • FAMA • MERITA • ET • INSTITVTA 

Compare Bacon's Essays, 7 : " The perpetuity by gen- 
eration is common to beasts ; but memory, merit, and 
noble works are proper to man." 

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon, 4, 1 : — 

INMORTALIS • EST • ENIM • MEMORIA • ILLORVM 
QVONIAM • ET • APVD • DEVM • NOTA • EST • ET • APVD • HOMINES 

Translation : " The memorial" of these "is immortal : 
because it is known with God, and with men." 

Above the small doors in the west wall : — 

ABEVNT • STUDIA • IN • MORES 

From the O vidian Ejnstle of Sappho to Phaon, and 
meaning : Our studies breed our habits. 

RECTI • CVLTVS • PECTORA • ROBORANT 

From Horace, Odes, 4, 4, 34, meaning : Right train- 
ing is the strength of character. 



81 



The great south window in the transept was given by 
Martin Brimmer, of the Class of 1849, Fellow of Harvard 
College 1877-96, in memory of the sons of Harvard who 
fell in the Civil War. It was unveiled on Commencement 
Day, 1898. The artist, Sarah Wyman Whitman, writes of 
it thus : " The design of this window is to commemorate 
the forces which inspired these heroes. Love of the Uni- 
versity is symbolized, at one end of the five lower panels, 
by the Scholar ; and, at the other end, love of Country, 
by the Soldier. Above these are four cherubs, holding 
tablets inscribed with the heroic virtues {Amor, Honor ^ 
Virtus, Patientia) ; and higher still are angelic figures of 
praise ; while the design culminates in a Rose, wherein 
the ascription of Glory to God is typified in color, with a 
choir of angels circling round the centre." 

The inscriptions and subordinate scenes in the design 
are as follows : — 

On the scrolls held by the angels on either side of the 
Rose, from Psalms, 115, 1 : non • nobis • domine • non • 
NOBIS • SED • Tvo • NOMiNi • GLORIA • SIT. Translation : 
" Not unto us, O Lord, not uuto us, but unto thy name 
be the glory." 

On the panel next the Scholar, a picture of Sir Philip 
Sidney giving the cup of water to the soldier, with an 
inscription as follows : verb • tv • es • dignvs • omni • 

SERVITIO . OMNI • HONORE • ET • LAVDE • AETERNA. From 

the Imitatio Christi, Lib. Ill, Cap. X, 45. Translation : 
Truly thou art worthy of all service, all honor, and all 
praise forever. 

On the panel next the Soldier, a picture of St. Martin 
giving his cloak to the beggar. The accompanying inscrip- 
tion contains the saying of St. Martin when, at a crisis in 



82 



his life, he dedicated himself anew to the sendee of God. 
The Latin words are a translation by Mr. Brimmer from 
the passage in a French life of the Saint : si • tibi • opvs • 

EST • MEG • LABORE • NGN • RECVSG • LABGREM. In English : 

" If my labor can serve thee, I will not withhold it." 
The inscription on the middle panel is : — 

SALVE • QVISQVIS • ADES 

EORVM • ADSPICIS • NOMINA 

HARVARDIANGRVM • QVI 

FERVIDI . ADVLESCENTES 

SEV • PLENIGRE • VIRI 

CGNSILIO • VT • INTEGRA 

MANERET • RES • PVBLICA 

GPPETIVERVNT • MORTEM 

QVAE • MGRIENTES 

CGNSERVABANT • ILLI 

EA • TV . CGLITG • DVM 

VIVIS • VT • HOMINES 

APVD • NGS • MAGIS • SINT 

LIBERI • BEATI • CONCORDES 

Translation : Greeting, whoe'er thou art. Thou see'st 
the names of the men of Harvard who in ardent youth or 
manhood's riper resolution laid down their lives that the 
Republic might live. Pattern thy life by the principles 
they maintained in death, to make men freer, happier, 
and more united. 

At the bottom of the window : — 

MARTINVS • BRIMMER • ALVMNVS • SOCIVS • DGNVM • DEBIT, 

that is. The gift of Martin Brimmer, Alumnus and Fellow. 
The two dates, 1829 and 1896, are those of the birth and 
death of Mr. Brimmer. 



83 



In the north window are the names of the Virtues. 

From the transept two doorways lead to the floor of 
Sanders Theatre, and two stairways to the balcony and the 
gallery. The Theatre is polygonal ; the stage is at the 
west end, and the seats rise towards the eastern walls. 
The seating capacity is about 1300. Above the stage is 
a canopy, serving as a sounding board, and a small 
gallery for musicians. The inscription on the wall above 
the gallery is as follows : — 

HIC • IN • SILVESTRIBVS 

ET • INCVLTIS • LOCIS 

ANGLI • DOMO • PROFVGI 



ANNO • POST • CHRISTVM • NATVM • CIO • 10 • C • XXXVI 

POST • COLONIAM • HVC • DEDVCTAM • VI 

SAPIENTIAM • RATI • ANTE • OMNIA • COLENDAM 

SCHOLAM • PUBLICE • CONDIDERVNT 

CONDITAM • CHRISTO • ET • ECCLESIAE • DICAVERVNT 

QVAE • AVCTA • lOHANNIS • HARVARD • MVNIFICENTIA 

A • LITTERARVM • FAVTORIBVS • CVM • NOSTRATIBVS • TVM • EXTERNIS 

IDENTIDEM • ADIVTA 

ALVMNORVM • DENIQVE • FIDEI • COMMISSA 

AB • EXIGVIS • PERDVCTA • INITIIS • AD • MAIORA • RERVM • INCREMENTA 

PRAESIDVM • SOCIORVM • INSPECTORVM • SENATVS • ACADEMICI 

CONSII.IIS • ET • PRVDENTIA • ET • CVRA 

OPTVMAS • ARTES • VIRTVTES • PVBLICAS • PRIVATAS 

COLVIT • COLIT 



QVI-AVTEM DOCTI'FVERINT-FVLGBBVNT- QVASI- SPLENDOR • FIRMAMENTI 

ET • QVI • AD • IVSTITIAM • ERVDIVNT • MVLTOS 

QVASI • STELLAE • IN • PERPETVAS • AETERNITATES 



84 



Translation : — 

Here in tiie woods and wilds 

Englishmen, fugitives from home, 

in the year of our Lord 1636, 

the sixth after the settlement of the Colony, 

holding that the first thing to cultivate was wisdom, 

founded a College by public enactment 

and dedicated it to Christ and his Church. 

Upraised by the generosity of John Harvard, 

aided again and again by patrons of learning both 

here and abroad, 

entrusted finally to the charge of its alumni, 

from small beginnings guided to a grow^th of greater powers 

by the judgment, foresight, and care 

of its Presidents, Fellows, Overseers, and Faculties, 

it has ever cultivated the liberal arts and public and 

private virtues, 

and cultivates them still. 



The rest of the inscription is from the Vulgate transla- 
tion of the book of Daniel, 12, 3: "And they that be 
wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament ; and 
they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for 
ever and ever." 

In the panel at the north side of the gallery is the 
donor's inscription : — 

CAROLVS • SANDERS 



B • AXXI • CIO • 10 • CCC • II 

THEATRVM 

ALVMNIS • ACADEMICIS 

SVA . PEC • F 



85 

In the south panel is the date : — 

AEDIFICATVM • ANNO • POST • CHR • NAT 



CIO • 10 • CCC • vLXXVT 

POST . POP • AMER • LIBERATVM 

C 

The marble statue of President Quincy, by William 
Wetmore Story, of the Class of 1838, is the only piece of 
statuary in the Theatre. On the basement floor there are 
large dressing rooms. 

The Felton memorial window, the central window above 
the gallery, was provided for by the bequest of Miss 
Mary F. Felton, and commemorates Cornelius Conway 
Felton, Professor of Greek, 1832-1860, and President 
from 1860 to 1862. It was designed by John La Farge, 
and presented to the College in 1898. 

The dining hall, which occupies the long western por- 
tion of the building, is entered from the centre of the 
transept. Another door, at the north end of the transept, 
leads into the Auditor's office ; thence a stairway leads to 
a gallery overlooking the dining hall. From this gallery 
one can pass into rooms set apart for the various admin- 
istrative offices, into a gallery overlooking the transept, 
and by a stairway into the tower. 

The dining hall is 149 feet long, 60 feet wide, and, to 
the ridge, 66 feet high. The addition on the north side 
of the dining hall was completed in the summer of 1905, 
and contains all the serving appliances. Up to this time, 
the serving room occupied a large space on the main floor 
of the hall. By its removal it was made possible to seat 
many more students than before. There are 850 seats in 
the hall, and, by assigning to each table more men than 



86 



can be seated at one time, as many as 1,320 persons can 
be easily accommodated. Beneath the new addition are 
the stoves and soup kettles, and beneath the main hall 
are the general store-rooms, refrigerating plant, steward's 
office, and dining rooms for the waiters. Everything 
pertaining to the operation of the building, including the 
mannfacture of ice and electricity, is provided within the 
walls. Those who take their meals here constitute 
the Harvard Dining Association, and through a board of 
directors, chosen- by the members, administer, under 
certain regulations of the President and Fellows, the 
affairs of the Association. 

Inside the hall are busts and portraits of alumni and 
benefactors, each marked with the name of the subject 
and the artist. The great western window shows the 
armorial bearings of the nation, the state, and the Uni- 
versity. The stained glass windows on the north and 
the south are all memorial windows, most of them given 
by college classes. Beginning on the left as one enters, 
the figures in the windows and the inscriptions are as 
follows : — 

1. Window of the Class of 1866; by Sarah Wy man 
Whitman, designer of the great south window in the 
transept. Figures on the left representing Honor, on 
the right representing Peace, inscribed below honor and 
PAX, respectively. 

2. Window of the Class of 1859 ; by John La Farge. 
Subject : Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, showing her 
sons to her sister, who is playing with her jewelry. In- 
scription : CORNELIA . MATER • GRACCHORVM. TllCU folloW 

Cornelia's famous words : haec • orn amenta • mea • svnt 
— ^' These are 7?i// jewels." 



3. Davis Memorial Window ; byHenryHoUiday ; given 
by the Davis family. Figures : Columbus and Blake. In- 
scriptions : At the top : Port Royal — Memphis — Fort 
Pillow. In the left-hand window : Columbus, born 1442, 
died 1506. In the right-hand window : Blake, born 1599, 
died 1657. The memorial inscription proper, occupying 
the lower part of both windows, is as follows : — 

MEMORI^ • CAROLI • HENRICI • DAVIS • PR.EF • NAV • VIRI 
BELLI . ET • PACIS • ARTIBVS • PR^ESTANTIS • NATVS • EST 
A • D • XVII • K • FEB • A • CIO • ID • CCC • VII • MORTVVS 
A • D • XII • K • MART • A • CIO • 10 • CCC • J. XX • VII • ALVMNVS 
A . CIO • 10 • CCC • XXV . LL • D • CIO • 10 • CCC • ^X • VIII • PER 
sLV • ANNOS • SINGVLAREM • FIDEM • PRVDENTIAM • VIRTVTEM 
AD • REIPVBLIC^ • VTILITATEM • ET • SALVTEM • CONTVLIT 
HVIC • OB . REM • BENE • NAVIBVS • GESTAM • GRATISSIMIS 
VERBIS • GRATIAS EGIT • SENATVS • POPVLVSQVE • AMERICANVS 

Translation : To the memory of Charles Henry Davis, 
Rear Admiral in the Navy, eminent in the arts of war and 
of peace. He was born January 16, 1807; died Febru- 
ary 18, 1877; A.B. 1825; LL.D. 1868. During fifty- 
five years he served and safeguarded the Republic with 
singular loyalty, foresight, and valor. He received the 
grateful thanks of Congress and the American i)eople 
for his distinguished service in our fleets. 

4. Window of the Class of 1844 ; by Henry Holliday. 
Figures : Dante and Chaucer. Inscriptions : Dante, born 
1265, died 1321. Chaucer, born 1328, died 1400. Be- 
low : MEMORIAE • EORVM • QVI • HIS • EX • SEDIBVS • A • M • 
D • CCC • XL • nil • EGRESSI • DE • CONLEGIO • CONDISCIPV- 
LISQ^ • BENE • SVNT • MERITI • SODALES • POSVERVNT 

Translation : Erected by their classmates to the memory 
of the members of the Class of 1844 who have earned the 
gratitude of the College and of their fellow students. 



88 



5. Window of the Class of 1857; by Cottier & Co., 
London. Subjects : Sir Philip Sidney, and, below, the 
battle field of Zutphen ; Epaminondas, and, below, a 
mother giving her son a shield. Inscription : In Memory 
of those Classmates who fell in the War. Erected 
A.D. 1879. 

6. Window of the Class of 1860 ; by John La Farge. 
Subject : A battle scene. Inscription : in memoriam 

MDCCCLX. 

7. Window of the Class of 1877 ; by W. J. McPherson. 
Figures : Charlemagne and Sir Thomas More. 

8. Window of the Class of 1854 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shield, of the Class of 1868. Figures: Sophocles and 
Shakspere. Inscription under the figure of Shakspere : 
" Had I a dozen sons, I had rather I had eleven die nobly 
for their country than one voluptuously surfeit out of 
action." From Coriolanus^ II, 3. Below: In memory 
of our classmates who fell in defence of the Union. 

9. This window is yet unfilled. 

Crossing to the north side of the hall and beginning at 
the west end : 

1. Window of the Class of 1875; by C. E. Mills. 
Figures : La Salle and Marquette. 

2. Window of the Class of 1855 ; by the Church Glass 
and Decorating Company of New York. Figures : Ber- 
nard of Clairvaux and Godfrey of Bouillon. Below : 

FIDES • SPES • CARITAS • FORTITVDO. 

The window is erected in memory of Phillips Brooks, 
'55, and General Francis Channing Barlow, '55, and their 
faces are given to the figures of Bernard and Godfrey, 
respectively. 



89 



3. Window of the Class of 1861 ; by Frank D. Millet, 
of the Class of 1869. Figures: The Student and the 
Soldier. Below the Student, a college lecture room ; below 
the Soldier, a battle field. Inscription : a • litteris • 
LAETi • PRO • PATRiA • AD • ARM A. Translation : With light 
hearts from letters to arms for our country. 

4. Window of the Class of 1858; by Cottier & Co. 
Figures : John Hampden and Leonidas. Inscriptions : 
under Hampden : ''Died for the cause of civilization and 
law, and the self -restrained freedom which is their result." 
[From a letter of James Jackson Lowell, of this Class, 
written from the field to some of his classmates. He 
was mortally wounded in the battle of Glendale, June 30, 
1862.] Under Leonidas : "As for the chances of life or 
death, neither is welcome without honour or duty, either 
is welcome in the path of honour and duty." [From a 
letter of Henry Lyman Patten, of this Class, to his 
mother. Five times wounded in battle, he died from the 
effects of his last wound, September 10, 1864.] Below : 
Erected Anno Domini 1882. 

5. Window of the Class of 1863 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shield. Figures : Andromache and Hector. 

6. Window of the Class of 1880 ; by John La Farge. 
Figures : Virgil and Homer. 

7. Window of the Class of 1879 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shield. Figures : Pericles and Leonardo da Vinci. In- 
scriptions : under Pericles, from his speech in Thucydides, 
2, 63 : Trj<s re TroXecos vfxas etKos ra tc/xwjUcVo) aTro tov 
ap-^uv^ iOTrep aTravres dyaXXecr^e, ^orjOelv. Translation : 
You are bound to support our country in the dignity of 
her government, in which you all take pride. Under 
Leonardo, from his Trattato^ book 2 : II tesoro per se 



90 



lion lauda il suo cumiilatore dopo la sua vita come fa 
la scienza, la quale sempre e testimonia e tromba del 
suo creatore. Translation (from a Class Report) : 
" Riches in themselves bring no gloiy to their possessor 
at his death, as knowledge does, which is an everlasting 
witness and herald to its creator." 

8. Window of the Class of 1878; by F. D. Millet. 
Figures : General AV^arren, and, below, the Committee 
on the Suffolk Resolves. John Eliot, and, below, Eliot 
preaching to the Indians. 

9. Window of the Class of 1874 ; by Edward Emerson 
Simmons, of tli# Class of 1874. Figures : Themistocles 
and Aristides, typifying the reconciliation of the North 
with the South. Inscription, from Herodotus, 8, 79 : ws 
Se i$rj\Oe ol ©e//,t(rroKAer7?, cAeye ApLcrTecSrfi raSe * i^/xea? 
cracrta^eiv ^/ae'ojv ecrrt Iv re to" aXXw Kacpa koI Srj kol iv 
TwSe Trepl tov 6K6T€po<i rjiJi€wv TrAeco dya^a tyjv TrarptSa 
ipyd(T€TaL. Translation : And when Themistocles came 
out to him, Aristides said : At all times and chiefly now 
this should be our rivalry — which of us shall do most 
good to our country. 

The John Harvard Statue in the Delta, west of Me- 
morial Hall, was designed by Mr. Daniel C. French. 
It was the gift of Samuel James Bridge, and was erected 
in 1884. 

Kandall Hall, at the corner of Kirkland Street and 
Divinity Avenue, was built in 1898^99, partly to accom- 
modate the overflow of students unable to obtain board at 
Memorial Hall, but also with a design to furnish cheaper 
board than is offered by the Memorial Hall Dining Asso- 
ciation. Of the $100,000 which Randall Hall cost, 



.'WliWfteC-J^jjp-'^j^ ) 




STATUE OF JOHN HARVARD 



91 



$70,000 was given by the trustees of the estate of John 
Witt Randall and Belinda L. Randall, who had left a for- 
tune to be devoted to charitable enterprises ; the balance 
was borrowed from the Corporation. 

The dining room is large enough to contain 44 tables, 
seating 528 persons at the same time ; but a larger num- 
ber is accommodated. In the main building there are 
also an auditor's office, a dressing room for student 
waiters, and, in the basement, toilet rooms, a laundry, a 
heating, lighting, and refrigerating plant. A musicians' 
gallery overlooks the dining room. An extension to the 
north of the main building contains the kitchen, pastry 
kitchen, scullery, vegetable room, etc. The architects 
were Wheelwright and Haven, of Boston. 

The New Lecture Hall, at the corner of Oxford 
and Kirkland streets, was given in 1901 by donors who 
wished their names withheld, and was first occupied in 
1902-03. The building covers a space 94 by 72 feet, 
and cost about $100,000. The architect was Mr. Gruy 
Lowell, '92, of Boston. With the exception of the base- 
ment, the interior is a large auditorium with a seating 
capacity of one thousand : seven hundred on the floor, 
and three hundred in the gallery. In the basement are 
seven recitation rooms, besides the heating, ventilating, 
and operating plants. 

Foxeroft House, the frame building on Oxford 
street, just north of the new Lecture hall at the corner of 
Kirkland street, is now used as a dormitory and contains 
sixteen suites. It formerly stood on the corner lot and 
is named for an old Cambridge family whose homestead 
was on this site. 



92 



Lawrence Hall, situated on Kirkland Street, north 
of Holworth}^ was built in 1848 witli a part of a gift of 
$50,000 made in 1847 by Hon. Abbott Lawrence, of 
Boston, for the benefit of the Scientific School, which had 
been established shortly before in Harvard University. 
The building was, at first, devoted to the chemical labo- 
ratories, library, etc., of Professor Horsford, who was 
the first professor chosen for the Scientific School. In 
1853, rooms in this hall were assigned to Professor Eustis 
for the courses in engineering. Since 1849, Professor 
Eustis had shared with Professor Agassiz a square 
wooden building erected for their joint use on the site 
now occupied by the Hemenway Gymnasium. In 1871, 
Professor Eustis occupied the whole of the second and 
third floors of Lawrence Hall ; and from that time until 
October, 1901, these rooms were the centre of the work 
in engineerino;. 

Lawrence Hall was designed as the east wing of a 
much larger structure to be built for the Scientific School. 
There was to be a central hall running east and west, 
with a west wing, a counterpart of the present hall. 

The east wing of Lawrence Hall was built as a resi- 
dence for Professor Horsford, the entrance to the main 
building being then at the south end. This wing was 
later devoted to purposes of instruction. It was given 
over about 1893 to a Laboratory for the Courses in 
Anatomy^ Physiology^ and Hygiene. 

The laboratory on the first floor is devoted to instruction 
in human physiology and hygiene and to the investigation 
of problems in hygiene and the physiology of exercise. 
One end of the room is fitted up as a workshop, with 
screw-cutting lathe, and the necessary metal- and wood- 




THE NEW LECTURE HALL 




THE HEMENWAY GYMNASIUM 



93 



working tools for the construction of apparatus. The 
laboratory contains a collection of physiological apparatus 
and appliances for hygienic investigation, and apparatus 
and reagents for physiological and hygienic chemistry ; 
there is, also, a collection of about a thousand photo- 
graphs and lantern slides, together with charts, maps, 
and specimens. 

The north wing of Lawrence Hall was erected in 1892 
with a gift of $10,000 from Mrs. Benjamin Rotch. It 
was built as a laboratory for the courses in electrical 
engineering ; and was so used until these courses were 
transferred in October, 1901, to Pierce Hall. 

At present, the Department of Education occupies the 
second floor of Lawrence Hall, with its lecture rooms, 
professors' rooms, and library. The physiological labo- 
ratory remains on the first floor of the east wing ; and the 
remaining rooms are devoted to the general purposes of 
University instruction. 

The Hemenway Gymnasium, built and equipped 
in 1878, was given by Augustus Hemenway, of Boston, 
of the Class of 1875. When, on account of the increased 
number of students in the University, the old G3^mnasium 
failed to meet completely the needs of the students, 
Mr. Hemenway, in 1895, made an extensive addition to 
the building, increasing the floor area to 15,000 square 
feet. The main hall on the first floor is equipped with 
light and heavy gymnastic apparatus and modern develop- 
ing appliances. A gallery surrounding the hall is fitted 
as a running track. On the second floor is a rowing 
room, the Director's oflSce, and rooms for measuring, 
photographing, etc. The staircase hall is hung with 



94 



portraits of athletes. In the basement are bowling 
alleys, hand-ball courts, and rooms for fencing, sparring, 
wrestling, and other exercises. In the east end of the 
building are the locker, the bathing, and the dressing 
rooms, accommodating 2500 students. In the rear is 
an area covered with asphalt. This is enclosed b}^ a high 
fence, and affords facilities for hand- ball and other gym- 
nastic games and exercises. 

The Jefferson Physical Laboratory. — In 1881, 

Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, of Boston, of the Class of 
1850, gave $115,000 to the College for a new physical 
laboratory, on condition that $75,000 should be raised 
by subscription and the income appropriated to its sup- 
port.* The building was finished in October, 1884, and 
was named the Jefferson Physical Laboratory. All the 
instruction in phj^sics, to students of Harvard College, 
of the Lawrence Scientific School, and of the Graduate 
Schools, by recitations, lectures, and experimental work, 
is given in this building, which accommodates the various 
physical cabinets. The building is 200 feet long and, 
including the basement, four stories high. In the eastern 
wing, the whole height is divided between a large lecture- 
room below, capable of holding 400 students, and the 
great laboratory above. In the central and western 
portions of the building are three recitation rooms for 
sections of forty or less ; but the principal part of the 
central and western portions is broken up into a large 
number of small rooms, where professors, assistants, 
and advanced students can pursue their separate investi- 

* In 1902, Mr. Coolidge further gave a fund of $60,000, the 
income to be used for original research. 



95 



gations, and be secured against intrusion, or any disturb- 
ance of their instruments. In the basement and the first 
story, stone tables, each supported by a pier which is 
separated by air spaces from the floors, furnish stable 
foundations for delicate instruments. Instruments, more- 
over, can be placed on the walls of a large rectangular 
tower standing on an independent foundation. This 
tower rises inside the building and is separated from the 
main walls of it by a large air space. It does not extend 
to the roof, and is therefore free from disturbances pro- 
duced by the movements inside the building and from 
possible vibrations resulting from gusts of wind. 

This tower constitutes a pier of large section, nearly 60 
feet in height, and more or less stable positions for instru- 
ments can therefore be obtained on each story. It is de- 
signed for investigations which demand a great height, 
the different floors opening to each other by trap doors. 
Small openings have been left in the brick partitions 
which divide the length of the building : by means of 
these a long path is available for experiments in which 
this arrangement may be necessary. In the western wing, 
iron nails and pipes, which would disturb delicate experi- 
ments in magnetism, were excluded in the construction of 
the building. All steam pipes here are made of brass, 
and copper nails are used in the flooring. In the bottom 
of the tower is a small underground room which may be 
used for experiments requiring a constant temperature. 

A room is devoted to apparatus designed for the more 
accurate standard measurements. 

The photographic room is on the fourth floor ; adjoin- 
ing this is a large room especially arranged for spectrum 
analysis. There are four principal laboratories. One of 



96 



these, 60 feet square, is devoted to elementary laboratory 
instruction. The laboratories for instruction in static 
and steady current electricity and in optics are on the 
second and third floors. The laboratory for work in 
magnetism and alternating currents is in the basement. 
On the ground floor is a machine shop, a glass blower's 
room, and carpenters' quarters, for the making of appara- 
tus to be used in research. All are in charge of skilled 
workmen. 

The Rotch Building (formerly the Carey Building), 
erected in 1890-91 at a cost of $38,000, w^as the gift of 
Henry Reginald Astor Carey. When, in 1898, athletic 
sports were transferred to Soldier's Field, this building 
was devoted to other uses of the University. The name 
Carey was then given to the base-ball cage on Soldier's 
Field, and the President and Fellows placed thereon a 
tablet commemorating the gift of Mr. Carey. The 
building is now named in honor of the benefactors whom 
the following tablet in the building commemorates : — 

IN MEMORY OF 

ANNIE BIGELOW ROTCH 

AND HER CHILDREN 

EDITH ROTCH ARTHUR ROTCH 

BENEFACTORS 

Miss Rotch in 1898 left $5,000 to the LawTence Scien- 
tific School, and this sum was assigned to the Depart- 
ment of Mining and Metallurgy. 

The building is occupied by the Department of Mining 
and Metallurgy, and contains a lecture room, a library, a 
reading and exhibition room, and the following labora- 
tories : — 




THE JEFFERSON PHYSICAL LABORATORY 




ROTCH BUILDING 



1 



97 



The Laboratory of Metallurgical Chemistry is called 
the Storrow Laboratory, Mr. James J. Storrow, of the 
Class of 1885, having given, in the summer of 1901, 
$3,000 for the equipment. It occupies the west wing of 
the building. The main room is 60 feet long by 30 feet 
wide. Adjoining are smaller rooms for the instructor and 
for balances and storage. The equipment of the labora- 
tory is designed for general metallurgical analysis, which 
demands much hood space, facilities for rapid evaporation 
and filtration, and good ventilation and light. 

The Simpkins Ore-Dressing Laboratory was fitted up 
with money given in 1900 by the family of John Simp- 
kins, of the Class of 1885, as a memorial to him. The 
sum was later increased to $26,600. In the laboratory is 
a bronze tablet, inscribed as follows : — 

IN MEMORY OF 

JOHN SIMPKINS 

A.B. 1885 

The laboratory is provided with modern machines of 
full size for the crushing, amalgamation, and concentra- 
tion of ores. The machines, which are driven by three 
fifteen- horse-power electric motors, are so arranged that 
they may be operated singly or in almost any desired 
combination for experimental work. 

The Simpkins Assay Laboratory^ in the east wing of 
the building, is equipped with nine two-muffle soft coal 
furnaces, a melting furnace, a power sample-grinder, and 
all the apparatus necessary for assa3ing. 

The Simpkins Metallurgical Laboratory, also in the 
east wing, is equipped with furnaces and accessories for 
the treatment of iron and steel, and for the melting and 



98 



making of alloys. It has also a reverberatory furnace for 
sulphide metallurgy and a cupola furnace. Heat work, 
the measurement of high temperatures, and the prepara- 
tion of samples for analysis and of metallic specimens 
for optical investigation are carried on in this room. 

The Laboratory of Metallography at present occupies 
the old Infirmary building on Holmes field, a short dis- 
tance east of the Rotch Building. It contains micro- 
scopes and accessories for the examination of metals and 
other opaque objects. 

All heat treatment, p3^rometric work, physical testing, 
polishing, etc., required in metallographic work are carried 
on in the Simpkins Metallurgical Laboratory. 

The building now situated west of the Rotch Building, 
and used by the Astronomical Department, has a variety 
of interesting associations. It has successively cradled 
the Museum, under Professor Agassiz, the Engineering 
Department, under Professor Eustis, and the Department 
of Architecture, under Professor Warren, each of which 
now occupies far more spacious quarters. It has been 
moved four times. From the present site of the Hem- 
enway Gymnasium, where it was originally located, it 
was moved to Divinity Avenue, near the present site 
of the Peabody Museum, where it was used as a dormi- 
tory ; and from there it was moved over to Holmes 
Field, where the Hasty Pudding Club occupied it. The 
other two removals were for short distances, and were 
occasioned by the erection of the Rotch Building and by 
other changes on Holmes Field. 

Pierce Hall, occupied by the Departments of Civil, 
Mechanical, and p]lectrical Engineering, was built in 




PIERCE HALL 




WALTER HASTINGS HALL 



99 



1901 at a cost of $175,000, this sum being appropriated 
for this purpose by the Corporation from the great resid- 
uary bequest of Henry L. Pierce, after whom the hall is 
named. 

Tlie building is of brick, with limestone trimmings. 
The inside is not plastered, but is finished in brick, with 
oil paints in all rooms where machinery is used, and cold 
water paints in the lecture rooms, draughting rooms, and 
offices. 

The building is planned to give a maximum amount of 
light and air to every room. There are two large wings 
and a central structure, connected by stair halls, and con- 
taining lecture rooms, small draughting rooms, and offices. 
There are four floors, a basement, and an attic ; and the 
floor surface available for all purposes is over 63,000 
feet. 

The draughting rooms are located on the top floor, the 
two larger rooms being used mainly for the first-year 
elementary drawing and the second-year instruction in 
descriptive geometry and graphical statics. The advance 
work in designing is carried on in three smaller rooms, 
where blue prints and books of reference can be kept. 

The central structure contains four recitation rooms on 
the top floor, each with a capacity of thirty students. 
On the second floor, in the centre, is a lecture room for 
one hundred and twenty students, and a library containing 
about 7,000 volumes. On the lower floor is a lecture 
room for three hundred students. 

The laboratories are mainly confined to the two wings. 
The south wing contains the machinery and apparatus for 
electrical engineering, and for testing materials of con- 
struction. The north wine' contains all the other machines 



100 



for research and experimental work. Several small rooms 
are provided for special work by the instructors and ad- 
vanced students. 

Walter Hastings Hall, on Massachusetts Avenue, 
the gift of Mr. AValter Hastings, of Boston, whose ances- 
tors in direct line for three generations were alumni of 
the University, was built in 1888-90 at a cost of about 
$243,000. It contains 60 suites of rooms and a common 
room for the general use of those who live in the build- 
ing, a large proportion of whom are Law students. 

Gannett House, the frame building south of Walter 
Hastings, contains nine suites. It is named after a 
family whose connection with Harvard was serviceable 
and honorable. The house of Caleb Gannett, Steward 
of the College from 1779 to 1818, stood on the present 
site of the Law School. 

Conant Hall, built from funds bequeathed by Edwin 
Conant, of Worcester, of the Class of 1829, was erected 
in 1893-95 at a cost of about $109,000. It contains 43 
suites of rooms, and three single rooms. Mr. Conant 
also gave $5,000 to the Divinity School and $27,500 to 
the College Library. Since 1906 Graduate students have 
been given preference in the assignment of rooms. A 
large common room has been provided and the building 
has become a centre, socially, for the Graduate Schools. 

Perkins Hall, tlie gift of Mrs. Catharine P. Perkins, 
of Boston, was built in 1893-95 at a cost of about 
$160,000. It was erected in memory of three members 



I 




CONANT HALL 




PERKINS HALL 



101 

of her husband's family, the Reverend Daniel Perkins, 
Richard Perkins, and WiUiam Foster Perkins, all alumni 
of the University. It contains 86 suites of rooms and a 
common room. 

THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM 

This establishment is commonly called the Agassiz 
Museum, and the latter title is hardly more than a just 
recognition of the share which Louis and Alexander 
Agassiz, father and son, have had in its upbuilding. 

The University Museum comprehends the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology, the Botanical Museum, the Miner- 
alogical Museum, the Geological Museum, the Peabody 
Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, and 
the Natural History Laboratories. 

The Museum of Comparative Zoology, constructed 
in 1859-88, occupies the north wing of the quadrangle 
(60 by 200 feet) and the adjoining part of the west wing 
(30 by 60 feet) . The zoological laboratories are in the 
northwest corner section. 

The Botanical and Mineralogical Museums, built in 
1888-89, occupy the central section. The Geological 
Museum, erected in 1901 as a gift from the children 
of Louis Agassiz, occupies the southwest corner, and 
contains large lecture rooms and laboratories for the 
Departments of Geology and Geography. Its exhibition 
rooms will connect the Oxford Street side of the Museum 
with the Peabody Museum, which, when completed, will 
form the south wing of the University Museum building. 

The entrances to the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
and the Peabody Museum are from Divinity Avenue. The 



102 



Natural History Laboratories and the Botanical, Minera- 
logical, and Geological Museums are entered from Oxford 
Street. One may pass from the Zoological to the Botan- 
ical Museum or vice versa on the third floor. 

In general, the Museums are open as follows : — 

The Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Botanical 
Museum are open every week-day from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m., 
and on Sunday from 1 p.m. till 5 p.m. 

The Mineralogical Museum is open Thursdays and 
Sundays from 1 p.m. till 5 p.m., and Saturdays from 
9 a.m. till 5 P.M. 

The Geological Museum is open Thursday and Sunday 
afternoons from 1 till 5, and on Saturdays from 9 a.m. 
till 5 P.M. 

The Peabody Museum is open from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. 
daily ; Sundays and holidays excepted. 

The Museum of Comparative Zoology. — 

Louis Agassiz, when he was first appointed to a profes- 
sorship in the University in 1847, had already made 
considerable collections of zoological specimens, and the 
need of housing them soon became apparent. In 1858, 
Francis Galley Gray, of Boston, of the Class of 1809, 
left $50,000 for a "Museum of Comparative Zoology," 
giving his nephew, AVilliam Gray, Class of 1829, the 
option of bestowing the fund upon Harvard University. 
He gave it to the University, and it was supplemented 
by $100,000 voted by the Legislature, and by $71,000 
subscribed by private citizens of Boston. Mr. Henry 
Greenough, of Cambridge, and Mr. George Snell, of 
Boston, volunteered to make a plan for the museum 
building, and produced a design large enough to meet 



103 



all demands for space for a long time. There was to 
be a main building parallel to Oxford Street with two 
wings extending towards Divinity Avenue. At first, 
only about two-fifths of one of the wings was erected ; 
this was completed in 1860. Professor Agassiz himself 
dug the first spadeful of earth. In 1868, the Massachu- 
setts Legislature voted $25,000 a year for three years, on 
condition that as much more should be raised from pri- 
vate sources. This was done, and in 1871-72 the capa- 
city of the building was more than doubled. In 1876 
the property in the hands of the Trustees was transferred 
to the President and Fellows of Harvard College. In 
1877, the north wing was completed; in 1880-82, the 
northwest corner of the main building, which now con- 
tains a part of the library, rooms devoted to research 
collections, and to collections open to the public, and the 
laboratories of zoology, was erected by Alexander 
Agassiz, of the Class of 1855, in memory of his father. 
A slate tablet in the hall bears this inscription : — 

LVDOVICI • 

AGASSIZ • 
PATRI • FILIUS • 

ALEXANDER • 
MD • CCC • LXXX • 

Louis Agassiz was Curator of the Museum from 1859 
until his death in 1873. Alexander Agassiz entered the 
service of the Museum in 1860, and was Curator from 
1874 until he resigned in 1898, never accepting any salary 
while he held that office. Besides his devoted service, he 
has given great sums of money to the institution. 



104 



The Museum benefits largely from the Memorial Fund, 
part of which was raised by school children throughout 
the country whose interest in natural history had been 
awakened by the labors of Agassiz. 

The Museum is under the management of a Faculty, who 
nominate the Curator and the Sturgis- Hooper Professor, 
and appoint the Assistants. The Curator is charged 
with the direction of the scientific and educational in- 
terests of the Museum, as well as of its relations to the 
public. The research collections, in charge of assistants, 
are available to properly qualified investigators. 

The Exhibition Rooms open to the public are the Synop- 
tic Room, the rooms containing the various systematic 
collections, those devoted to the various faunal collec- 
tions (Europeo- Siberia, North and South America, Indo- 
Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans), and also the rooms devoted to special collec- 
tions, and to the Quaternary, Tertiary, Mesozoic, and 
Palaeozoic faunae. 

These collections are open, Christmas and Fourth of 
July excepted, every week-day from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m., 
and on Sunday from 1 p.m. till 5 p.m. The entrance is 
on the south side of the north wing. 



The publications of the Museum consist of an annual 
Report (1861-1906), of an octavo Bulletin (vols, i.-l.)? 
and of Memoirs in quarto (vols, i.-xxxiii. ) . The Bulletin 
and Memoirs are devoted to the publication of original 
work by the officers of the iVIuseum, of investigations 
carried on by professors, students, and others in the 
different laboratories of Natural History, and of work 



-/s» 



J 



^-~ 



CB 
q: 



r 



_._i. 



v/BZ/U- /3y/-fS7P. 



-^~/Q5V'60 >' 



n 



RED — Museum of Comparative Zoology. 

GRAY— Botany, Mineralogy. 

YELLOW— Geology. 

BLUE — Peabody Museum of Archaeology 
and Ethnology. 



Proposed Extension 

of 

Peabody Museum 




105 



by specialists based on the Museum collections and 
explorations . 

The Library of the Museum is on the second floor of 
the north wing and of the north end of the central section 
of the University Museum. It contains over 41,000 vol- 
umes, exclusive of a part of the Whitney Library, and of 
about 35,000 pamphlets. The Library is open daily, 
except Sunday, from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. 

The Laboratories and Lecture Rooms of 
Zoology and Palaeontology are in the northwest 
section of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and may 
be reached from the steps in the northwest corner of the 
Museum quadrangle, off Divinity Avenue, or from the 
north entrance to the Museum on Oxford Street. The 
present quarters, which were first occupied in 1885, 
include rooms in the basement and on the first, fourth, 
and fifth floors of the Museum. 

In the basement is a vivarium used for breeding ani- 
mals, two dark rooms for photographic work and light 
experiments, an aquarium room containing a number of 
large stationary fresh-water and marine aquaria, floor- 
tanks, and other necessary appliances for the study of 
aquatic animals, and a work room for the construction 
and repair of apparatus. 

On the first floor is the Laboratory of Palaeontology^ 
containing collections, diagrams, and a few of the more 
important reference books required by students. The 
collection used in teaching general palaeontology is ar- 
ranged systematically, and the collection used in teach- 
ing historical geology is arranged stratigraphically. They 
are contained in trays in table- or wall-cases. The whole 



106 



is freel}^ accessible to students. Besides collections in the 
laboratory, students can consult the fossils on exhibi- 
tion in the Museum, where they are arranged either in 
the systematic series or in rooms especially devoted to 
palaeontology. 

The first floor also contains a large lecture room seat- 
ing about three hundred, and a large laboratory for the 
elementary courses in zoology. For the present, one of 
the rooms on this floor is used for advanced zoological 
work. 

On the fourth floor are laboratories for comparative 
anatomy, histology, embryology, and experimental work. 
These laboratories are provided with appliances for the 
injection and preservation of anatomical materials, with 
paraffin baths heated by electricity, microtomes, micro- 
scopes, and other apparatus necessary for zoological work. 
The lectures in the more advanced zoological work are 
given on this floor in a lecture room which is also the 
usual meeting place for the Zoological Club. Here, too, 
are the private rooms of the Director of the Laboratory 
and three other instructors. 

On the fifth floor is a large, well-lighted laboratory 
for research students. Each research student is usually 
assigned a place here, though the nature of his work may 
require him to do much of it in other parts of the labora- 
tories. The walls of this room are decorated with busts 
and portraits of distinguished zoologists. A special 
laboratory for Radcliffe students is also on this floor. 
The Zoological Laboratories enjoy the unusual advantage 
of being in the same building with the exceptionally rich 
library and collections of the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology. 



107 



Botanical Museum and Laboratories of Cryp- 
togamic, Phanerogamic, and Economic Botany. 

— The Botanical Museum includes : The Gray Herba- 
rium, at the Botanic Garden ; and, at the University 
Museum, the Cryptogamic Herbarium, the Collection of 
Fossil Plants, the Economic Collection, and the Exhibi- 
tion Collections. On week-days the Museum is open 
from 9 A.M. till 5 p.m. (or, in the winter, till an hour 
before sunset) ; on Sundays, from 1 till 5 p.m. 

The collections on the first floor comprise representa- 
tives of the principal edible and poisonous fungi, fungi 
causing disease, and illustrations of the principal types 
of seaweeds, lichens, and mosses. The third floor of 
the central section is devoted to an exhibition of (1) 
types of fossil plants, ranging from the earliest to the 
latest forms, (2) specimens illustrating the useful pro- 
ducts of plants, such as the principal foods, woods and 
fibres, gums, resins, and rubbers, and the medicinal 
species, (3) galls and other malformations of plants, (4) 
fruits, seeds, and the modes of dissemination, (5) models 
to display the morphological characters and affinities of 
the higher plants. 

The latter collection is known as the Ware Collection 
of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants and Flowers. For 
this collection the University is indebted to Mrs. Charles 
Eliot Ware, and her daughter, Miss Mary Lee Ware ; it 
was given in memory of Charles Eliot Ware, of the Class 
of 1834. These models are the artistic handiwork of 
Messrs. Leopold and Rudolph Blaschka, of Germany. 

With the exception of certain of the axial supports 
constructed of wire, each model consists of some sort of 
glass. In some instances, the color of the glass has 



108 



been intensified or otherwise modified by tlie external 
application of mineral pigments which are unaffected by 
light. In cases in the gallery are displa^^ed descriptions 
of the chief features of the method of construction, and, 
also, a few boxes which show how the fragile specimens 
are packed for transportation from the studio in Germany 
to this University. The total number of models received 
up to June, 1906, is about 700, and the number of details, 
such as the magnified parts, and the sections, exceeds 
3,000. 

The entire collection now installed is based on the study 
of living specimens. Most of these have been raised from 
seed in a garden attached to the studio, but many also 
have been obtained from botanical and other gardens in 
Europe. A large number of the studies are based on 
the results obtained by the son, Rudolph, during two 
journeys to North America. 

In the hall at the head of the stairway, a few of these 
models exhibit some of the relations of plants to their 
surroundings : in the larger exhibition-room, others are 
arranged according to Engler and Prantl's System ; in 
the long room at the left-hand side are models of some 
of the more important economic plants. 

The Department of Botany of the University occupies 
the rooms in the basement, the central part, and the 
adjoining southwest wing of the Museum, except the 
rooms devoted to mineralogy and petrography. In 
the basement are store-rooms and rooms for photography. 
The Nash Botanical Lecture Room, built with the gift of 
Nathaniel Gushing Nash, of the Class of 1884, in memory 
of his father, is on the first floor. On the same floor are 
the exhibition cases of cryptogams and a laboratory of 



109 



economic botany. On the second floor, Room 10 con- 
tains the departmental library; Rooms 11 and 11a are 
the laboratories of vegetable physiology and histology ; 
Rooms 12 and 13 are laboratories for elementary work. 
In addition to these there is a special room assigned to 
advanced students of physiological botany. 

On the fourth floor, Room 19 is the private room of the 
Fisher Professor of Natural History ; in Room 20 is a 
working collection of native and exotic phanerogams ; 
Rooms 20a and 21 a are used by students of economic 
botany. The rooms on the flftli floor are devoted to 
cryptogamic botany : Room 25 is used by the assistants ; 
Rooms 26 and 26a contain the Cryptogamic Herbarium 
of the University, which includes collections of algae, 
fungi, and lichens ; Room 27 is devoted to the use of 
special workers ; Rooms 29 and 29a are laboratories for 
students of cryptogamic botany, the latter for advanced 
students ; Room 29b is the laboratory of the assistants 
in cryptogamic botany;' Room 29c and Room 30 are 
the private laboratories of the Professors of Cryptogamic 
Botany. 

Mineralogical Museum and Laboratories of 
Mineralogy and Petrography. — The Minera- 
logical section of the Universit}' Museum, built in 1891 
with a fund of $50,000 raised by subscription, occupies 
a part of the central portion of the Oxford Street section 
of the Museum. The exhibition rooms, which are open 
Thursdays and Sundays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m., occupy 
the whole of the third and fourth floors ; the laboratories 
occupy the first floor and the west half of the basement 
and second floors. 



110 



His*ory of the Mineralogical Collection. — Dr. Benjamin 
Waterhouse began the mineral collection (the oldest in 
the United States) in 1784, bat in 1793 the real founda- 
tion of the present collection was laid by the gift from 
Dr. Lettsom, a London physician, of " a very valuable 
and extensive collection of minerals," to which he sub- 
sequently made additions. The Corporation provided a 
cabinet and appointed Dr. Waterhouse keeper of the 
collection. In 1795, M. Mozard, consul in Boston of 
the French Republic, acting under a resolution of the 
committee of public safety of the National Convention of 
France, presented two hundred specimens " as samples of 
the riches of the French soil," and solicited an interchange 
of specimens between the University and the " agency of 
the mines of the Republic." 

No important additions w^ere made until 1820, when 
Dr. Andrew Richie purchased and presented the collec- 
tion of C. A. Blode, a mineralogist and chemist of 
Dresden, to w^hich were added some thousand specimens 
purchased in 1824 by a subscription from several Boston 
gentlemen, and the collection was then arranged by Dr. 
J. W. Webster and exhibited in the second story of 
Harvard Hall, where it remained for thirty-three years. 
It increased slowly, and about 1840 contained 26,000 
specimens, including rocks and other miscellaneous 
material. It owes its present value, both in quality and 
size, chiefly to the late Josiah P. Cooke, Erving Professor 
of Chemistry and Mineralogy from 1850 to 1894, a 
marble medallion of whom is placed in the Museum. 
Professor Cooke for nearly half a century gave his 
affectionate care to the collection. Starting with what 
was worth preserving of the old collection, he gradually 



Ill 



acquired new or better material by purchase, donations, 
or exchange, while several large single additions were 
made from time to time. On the completion of Boylston 
Hall in 1858 the mineral cabinet was placed there and it 
remained there until the erection of the present miner- 
alogical museum. 

The collections open to the public are situated on the 
main floor and gallery. Here in the flat cases the syste- 
matic collection of minerals is arranged in the numerical 
order of the cases according to Dana's System of Miner- 
alogy (6th ed.), while large plans, hung on both floors, 
give the contents of each case. The larger specimens 
are placed in the wall-cases. 

Only a few features of the systematic collection can be 
mentioned, such as the gold and silver case, the crystal- 
lized orpiment and other sulphides, and in the adjacent 
wall-cases the superb colored fluorites, stibnites, sulphur, 
etc. Many fine specimens of Alpine minerals (from the 
Liebener collection) will be found among the silicates and 
elsewhere, such as adularia, epidotes, titanite, apatite. 
The crystallized calcites from Lake Superior are note- 
worthy, and the great crystals and groups of quartz and 
its varieties in the wall-cases ; as is also the framed collec- 
tion of microphotographs of snow crystals, hung on the 
walls. Along the west wall there is a case containing a 
collection of natural crystals to illustrate crystallography. 
In the gallery the first rows of flat cases seen on entering 
contain a synoptic collection illustrating the general prop- 
erties of minerals, including optical properties, cleavage, 
genesis, etc. The adjacent wall-cases contain large 
specimens of the systematic collection, including the sul- 
phates and hydrous silicates. The remaining flat cases 



112 



contain the Bigelow Collection of Agates (about 450 speci- 
mens, mostly cut and polished, including thirty large thin 
sections), collected by Dr. Henry J. Bigelow and Dr. 
W. S. Bigelow, and illustrating the internal structure and 
process of growth ; and the meteorites, which are arranged 
as far as possible in chronological order by date of fall 
and represent 291 separate falls. The cases against the 
south wall contain large specimens of the carbonates and 
sulphates, especially calcite and gypsum. Along the 
west edge of the gallery two cases contain the Hamlin 
collection of tourmalines, the largest in existence, from 
the famous locality at Mt. Mica, Paris, Maine, and a 
collection of gem minerals, including the well-known yel- 
low diamond octahedron (83| carats), precious opals, a 
large aquamarine and yellow beryl, tourmalines (many cut 
and mounted), a large hiddenite crystal, topaz, apatites, 
etc. The total number of mineral specimens in the exhibi- 
tion rooms, exclusive of the meteorites, is about ten 
thousand, while those worth enumerating in the teaching 
and other collections bring the total up to twenty-three 
thousand. 

The Laboratories of Mineralogy and Petrography in- 
clude, in the basement, a chemical laboratory for mineral 
analj^sis and a workshop for preparing thin sections of 
rocks and minerals. The first floor contains the lecture 
room ; the laboratory for determinative mineralogy ; one 
smaller room used as the department library, with the 
principal periodicals, and another used for Radcliffe 
students in mineralogy. Many thousand specimens of 
rocks with thin sections are kept on this floor. The next 
floor has the advanced laboratory, equipped with goni- 
ometers and optical apparatus. 



113 



The Geological Museum. — (Entered through the 
exhibition rooms of the Miueralogical Museum.) This 
Museum contains at present the nucleus of a geological 
collection. The most noteworthy objects are the model 
of the Metropolitan District of Boston, by Curtis ; a 
model geologically colored of the Dents du Midi by 
students of Heim, and a collection of metallic objects 
acted upon by the volcanic gases in the destruction of St. 
Pierre, Martinique. At present the Museum is open 
Thursday and Sunday afternoons from 1 to 5, and on 
Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 

The Laboratories of Geology and Geography 

(ordinarily open to visitors upon application) occupy 
three floors of the Museum building. The Geological 
Laboratory on the second floor is devoted to instruction 
in general geology. The room contains working collec- 
tions of rocks, including sixty-four duplicate sets for large 
elementary classes, maps, charts, and a small reference 
library. An Advanced Laboratory on the uppermost 
floor of the Museum is arranged for the office work of 
students engaged in geological sui'veying. 

The Laboratory of Geography^ on the fourth floor of the 
geological section of the University Museum, is devoted to 
the needs of the various classes in physical geography, 
meteorology, and climatology, with special reference to 
laboratory exercises. The equipment of the laboratory 
has been planned with a view to furnishing material for 
individual study in geography, comparable to that afforded 
in zoology and botau}^ in the other laboratories of the 
Museum. It includes a variety of maps, charts, models, 
diagrams, photographs, and lantern slides. Special men- 



114 



tion may be made of the collection of large-scale grouped 
map-sheets, illustrating districts of peculiar interest in 
this country and abroad. These are supplemented by a 
collection of the topographical maps of the United States 
governmental surveys and of nearly all the European 
surveys, in the College Library. The collection of 
models includes four of type forms by Heim, Pomba's 
Italy on a true curved surface, the Upper Moselle b}^ the 
Geographical Service of the French Army, Southern New 
England by Howell, the Gulf of Mexico by the United 
States Hydrographic Office, as well as a series known as 
the " Harvard Geographical Models," designed with 
special reference to systematic instruction in secondary 
schools. 

The material for instruction in meteorology and clima- 
tology includes the ordinary meteorological instruments ; 
a full set of weather maps from the United States Signal 
Service and Weather Bureau ; pilot charts of the North 
Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans ; as well as a large 
number of meteorological charts and diagrams from dif- 
ferent sources, and a number of official British, German, 
and French publications. The Laboratory Library con- 
tains about 500 volumes. A small but well equipped 
meteorological observatory, which provides facilities for 
practical instrumental work for students of meteorology 
and climatology, occupies the roof of the geological sec- 
tion of the University Museum. 

The Peabody Museum was founded by George 
Peabody, a native of Massachusetts, who, in 1866, gave 
$150,000 for the foundation of a museum and a professor- 
ship of American archaeology and ethnology in connection 



115 



with Harvard University. Mr. Peabody placed the fniid 
in the charge of a board of trustees of which Robert 
Charles Winthrop, of the Class of 1828, was chairman 
until his death in 1894. The first Curator of the Museum 
was Jeffries Wyman, of the Class of 1833. After his 
death in 1874, Frederic Ward Putnam, s.b. 1862, was 
appointed his successor, and in 1886 Mr. Putnam was 
made Peabody Professor of American Archaeology and 
Ethnology. On January 1, 1897, the Trustees of the 
Museum transferred the property to the President and 
Fellows of Harvard College. 

Mr. Peabody, by this gift, made the first foundation 
in this country for special research relating to the early 
or pre-Columbian history of America. Since then the 
Museum has been enriched from time to time by contri- 
butions of money and of specimens, and four small 
endowments have been received ; also, two other endow- 
ments for a fellowship and a scholarship. 

The arrangement of the collections is intended to 
facilitate research in general anthropology, with special 
reference to American and comparative archaeology and 
ethnology. 

The building, 100 feet long and 5 stories high, is one 
half of the contemplated structure wdiich will form the 
south wing of the University Museum. The entrance is 
on Divinity Avenue. 

In the room on the left of the entrance is the general 
office and Anthropological Library. The library contains 
over 6000 volumes and pamphlets relating to all branches 
of anthropology. The regular publications of the Mu- 
seum are Archaeological and Ethnological Papers and 
Memoirs. On the fifth floor is the students' laboratory 
and class room. 



116 



With the exception of the human crania and skeletons, 
on the fifth floor, the collections are so arranged that 
those from each limited region are brought together. 
The Mary Hemenway collection from Arizona occupies 
the large hall on the fifth floor and the gallery below. 
In the Warreu Ethnological Gallery, on the fourth floor, 
are the Polynesian, Melanesian, Asiatic, and African 
collections. The collections from Mexico and Central 
America, including casts of large sculptures from the 
ruins of Cop an and Quirigua, many original stone sculp- 
tures, pottery, ornaments, and other objects, secured by 
the Museum expeditions to Honduras, Guatemala, and 
Yucatan, are in the central hall and large room on the 
third floor. The exhibits from Peru and other parts of 
South America are also on this floor. In the north hall 
are exhibits from the Delaware and Little Miami Val- 
leys ; and from New York, New England, Newfoundland, 
and Canada. In the gallery below are the collections from 
the Southern States. In the south room on the second 
floor are the exhibits from the Swiss lakes, from the 
French caves, and from Denmark and other European 
localities. On the first floor to the right of the entrance 
is the room containing the collections from the mounds 
and earthworks of the Ohio Valley. In the large hall on 
this floor and in the gallery above are the North American 
Indian and Eskimo collections. This exhibit is especially 
rich in rare old specimens illustrating the life and 
customs and costumes of the tribes represented. It 
Includes many fine old baskets in the several tribal 
exhibits. Models of habitations, maps showing localities, 
and photographs showing physical charteristics and 
customs, add interest and value to the exhibit. 



117 



The Museum is open to the public from 9 a.m. till 
5 P.M. daily, Sundays and holidays excepted. 

The Semitic Museum is on Divinity Avenue, nearly 
opposite the Peabody Museum. It is open on week-days 
from 9 A.M. till 5 p.m. The building, finished in 1892, 
is the gift of Jacob H. Schiff, Esq. The money for 
the purchase of most of the collections was given by 
various persons : $10,000 by Mr. Schiff, in 1889 ; nearly 
$20,000 by a number of friends, in 1899, and smaller 
amounts by others. Many friends have given individual 
objects or small collections of objects. The Harvard 
Divinity School has placed on deposit here a collection 
of Babylonian clay tablets, the gift of the late Honorable 
Stephen Salisbury. The Divinity School has also placed 
on deposit here a collection of Palestinian objects, 
gathered by the Reverend Doctor Selah Merrill, consul 
at Jerusalem, and purchased for the School by the con- 
tributions of many friends. A collection of Egyptian an- 
tiques has been deposited by Rev. Dr. E. E. Hale. From 
1890 till 1902, the Semitic collections occupied a room in 
the Peabody Museum. They were transferred to the 
Semitic Museum in the autumn of 1902, and the building 
was formally opened on February 5, 1903. The Museum 
contains three lecture rooms for the use of the Semitic 
Department, a Departmental Library of some 1200 vol- 
umes, a Curator's room, and two exhibition rooms, each 
about 80 by 50 feet. The Assyrian Room contains 
the material from Assyria, Babylonia, and the Hittite 
country ; while the Palestinian Room contains objects 
from Palestine, Egypt, Moab, Arabia, Phoenicia, Syria, 
and Persia. 



118 



The objects already acquired are originals and repro- 
ductions. Of the former may be mentioned, from Babylon 
and Assyria, stone seal cylinders, and inscriptions on 
stone and on clay ; from Phoenicia, glass vases, dishes, 
and bowls found in the tombs ; from Palestine, the Merrill 
collection of birds, animals, plants, seeds, glass, coins, 
geological specimens, and numerous articles illustrating 
modern peasant and Bedouin life ; from Egypt, three 
mummy-cases, many antiques (in bronze, stone, and 
wood), a number of photographs, and a collection of 
mortuary Moslem inscriptions in the Cufic character, 
some of them about 1000 years old ; from various Semitic 
lands, many manuscripts, Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic. 

The reproductions are largely plaster casts of important 
Assyrian and Babylonian monuments in the museums of 
London, Paris, and Berlin. These casts are froui bas- 
reliefs, statues, obelisks, winged lions, clay tablets, seals, 
building bricks, commercial weights in the shape of lions 
and ducks, and numerous other small objects. There are 
also casts of Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions, of a 
Phoenician sarcophagus, of Persian archers and inscrip- 
tions, of Hittite hunting scenes and inscriptions, and of 
the Moabite stone recording the revolt of Mesha from 
the Hebrews. There a-re, besides, many photographs of 
Semitic buildings and natural scenery, especially from 
Damascus, Palestine, and Spain. 




DIVINITY HALL 




THE DIVINITY LIBRARY 



119 



THE DIVINITY SCHOOL 

That a leading purpose of the founders of Harvard Col- 
lege was to provide for the churches a learned ministry 
was shown in "New England's First Fruits," published 
in 1643. 

Instruction in theology has been given at Harvard 
College from the time of its foundation. The first pro- 
fessorship instituted in the University was the Hollis 
Professorship of Divinity, established in 1721. The 
differentiation of the Divinity School from the College 
was very gradual. Its Faculty was formally organized 
in 1819. A separate list of its students — previously 
not distinguished from other "resident graduates" — first 
appears in the Catalogue for 1819-20. The organiza- 
tion of the three oldest professional departments of 
the University, under the titles Theological School, 
Medical School, and Law School, is first indicated in 
the Catalogue for 1827-28. 

The constitution of the Divinity School prescribes that 
" every encouragement be given to the serious, impartial, 
and unbiassed investigation of Christian truth, and that 
no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of 
Christians shall be required either of the instructors or 
students." 

The administration of the School is carefully conformed 
to this principle. Various denominations are represented 
in its Faculty and among its students. The aim of its 
management is to maintain a school in which all subjects 
connected with theology shall be studied in a spirit as 
free as that in which philosophy, history, and classical 



120 



literature are studied in colleges. At the same time, 
special attention is given to preparation for the practical 
work of the ministry. 

Divinity Hall, erected under the auspices of the 
Society for the Pi'omotion of Theological Education in 
Harvard University, which secured contributions amount- 
ing to about $20,000 towards this object, was completed 
in 1826. It contains 42 students' rooms, a common 
room for the use of all occupants of the Hall, and a 
Chapel. 

The Chapel has been lately renovated, and contains on 
its walls tablets of oak or marble commemorating Pro- 
fessor Frederick H. Hedge, Professor Joseph Henry 
Thayer, the Rev. Edmund H. Sears, Professor Henry 
Ware, Jr., and Professor Charles Carroll Everett, Dean 
of the School from 1878 to 1900. Another tablet recalls 
Ralph Waldo Emerson's epoch-making Divinity School 
address of 1838, which was delivered in this room. 

The rooms are occupied by Divinity School students, 
and, with the permission of the Dean, by other graduate 
or professional students having some sympathy with the 
purpose of the School. The library formerly housed here 
has been removed to the Di\'lnity Library Building. 

The Library Building of the Divinity School 

was completed in 1887 at a cost of about $40,000. It 
contains the library, of about 36,000 volumes, a reading 
room, a faculty room, the Librarian's office, and three 
lecture rooms. 




I-I 

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121 



THE LAW SCHOOL 

Austin Hall. — Dane Hall, in the southwest corner 
of the College Yard, erected in 1832 and enlarged in 1845, 
was occupied by the Law School until 1883, when Austin 
Hall, in Holmes Place, the present home of the School, 
was finished. For this building the University is indebted 
to the liberality of Edward Austin and the architectural 
skill of Henry Hobson Richardson. 

On the first floor are three lecture rooms, a reading 
room, and three professors' rooms. The mezzanine story 
contains three more professors' rooms. On the second 
floor are the administrative oflflces, the library stack, with 
a capacity of 60,000 volumes, and the large reading 
room or workshop of the students. The library contains 
upwards of 90,000 volumes. 

A new building, Langdell Hall, back of Austin Hall, 
is nearing completion (August, 1907). It will contain 
the principal part of the library of the School, with read- 
ing and lecture rooms adjacent. 

The Law School possesses a unique collection of por- 
traits of eminent judges and lawyers. The portraits of 
the Lord Chancellors, Vice-Chancellors, and Masters of 
the Rolls are to be seen in the north lecture room, and of 
English Common Law judges in the west lecture room. 
The portraits of American lawyers and judges are in the 
reading hall and in the east lecture room. In one of 
the upper rooms there is another collection made up of 
portraits of eminent lawyers and pictures of famous trial 
scenes. 



122 



THE BOTANIC GARDEN 

The Botanic Garden, situated at the corner of Garden 
and Linnaean Streets, Cambridge, was establislied in 
1807 by a number of public spirited gentlemen who en- 
dowed a professorship of Natural History. The com- 
mittee in charge of the enterprise selected as the first 
incumbent of the chair William Dandridge Peck, of the 
Class of 1782, and, with the understanding that special 
prominence should be given to Botany, despatched him 
to Europe to examine botanic gardens in England and on 
the continent, while they secured a plot of land for a 
garden here. In 1807, Professor Peck laid out a por- 
tion of the seven acres at the corner of what are now 
known as Garden and Linnaean Streets, following as a 
model the formal lines of the smaller establishments in 
England. This arrangement has not since been essentially 
changed in an^'^ manner. After Professor Peck's death, 
the garden passed under the charge of Thomas Nuttall, 
and later of Thaddeus William Harris, as Curators, the 
funds having dwindled so that it was no longer possible 
to assign the income to a full professorship. About 
1842, the income of a- newly established professorship, 
endowed by Joshua Fisher, of the Class of 1766, 
became available, and to this new chair Dr. Asa Gray 
was invited. The amount at Dr. Gray's disposal for the 
maintenance of the garden was inadequate, but it was 
supplemented by the expenditure of untiring energy. 
The garden was soon enriched by large numbers of native 
and foreign plants, and shortly became the recipient of the 
newer treasures coming from the West and the Southwest. 



123 



Dr. Gray was wont to place in nooks not easily accessible 
to the public the rarer plants which have since become 
the common property of horticulture, and in this way he 
introduced some of the choicest novelties. 

In 1872, the garden was placed under the charge of 
Professor Charles Sprague Sargent, of the Class of 1862, 
now Director of the Arnold Arboretum. The distribution 
of species was changed, and many improvements which 
the poverty of the garden had hitherto forbidden were 
successfully introduced. The garden has been under the 
charge of the present Director, Professor George Lincoln 
Goodale, of the Class of 1863, Medical School, since 
1886. Mr. Oakes Ames, of the Class of 1898, was 
made Assistant Director in 1898. 

The garden is conveniently divided into the area below 
the terrace and that on the upper level. Below the 
terrace the natural orders of flowering plants and the 
genera of ferns and their allies are arranged in formal 
beds, which are so disposed as to exhibit many of the 
affinities of the families. In various places below the 
terrace are special beds devoted to groups of plants of 
particular interest. Among these are plants mentioned 
by Shakspere and by Virgil. One long bed contains a 
large number of the species described by Parkinson as 
cultivated for decorative purposes at the beginning of the 
seventeenth century ; these may fairly be said to represent 
the old-fashioned plants grown in "pleasure gardens" at 
the time the University was founded. Two groups which 
possess more than ordinary attractions for the casual 
visitor, the Australasian species and the desert plants, 
are near the Linnaean Street border. 



124 



On the upper level are the large plots assigned to select 
North American species. Near these are the caltivated 
forms of the rarer vegetables grown for the study of 
variation. 

The greenhouses are of the common composite t^^pe. 
Beginning on the left and passing towards the east are 
successively the succulents, the Australian, and the 
Mexican houses, the fern house, the palm house and its 
attached hot-house filled with exotics demanding great 
heat. Behind this range is a long range largely devoted 
to economic plants and to plants under the hands of 
experimenters. This range has laboratories at its ex- 
treme western end. 

The Botanical Laboratories of the University are dis- 
tributed as follows : at the Botanic Garden are the Gray 
Herbarium and the Botanical Library, and the Labora- 
tories of Vegetable Physiology. In the University Mu- 
seum are the Laboratories of Cryptogamic, Phanerogamic, 
and Economic Botany. The garden and greenhouses 
are open to visitors from sunrise to sunset on Sundays as 
well as week-days. 

The Gray Herbarium is situated in the Botanic 
Garden. The collection, founded and largely developed by 
the late Professor Asa Gray, was given by him to the Uni- 
versity in 1864. At that time, the fireproof brick building 
which it now occupies was built for the Herbarium through 
the liberahty of Nathaniel Thayer. The collection, being 
the result of more than sixty years of continuous and 
carefully directed growth, contains aVout 400,000 sheets of 
mounted specimens, including all groups of flowering 
plants, ferns, and fern-allies, and representing the floras 



125 



of all countries. The fimgi, lichens, algae, mosses, and 
hepatics have now been wholly transferred to the Cryp- 
togamic Herbarium in the Botanical Division of the Uni- 
versity Museum. Among the many additions which have 
been made to the original collection of Professor Gray 
since it was given to the University, the following have 
been the most important : the herbaria of Jacques Gay, 
G. Curling Joad, and John Ball, all rich in Old World 
types ; the herbarium of Dr. George Thurber, especially 
rich in critically identified grasses ; the general herbarium 
of William Boott, notable for its excellent represen- 
tation of the diflScult genus Car ex ; the Compositae 
from the herbarium of Dr. F. AY. Klatt, specialist in 
that family. The Herbarium is rich in standard and 
rare phaenogamic exsiccat)\ in type specimens of new 
species and varieties, and in the possession of the greater 
part of the plants which have been critically examined 
in the preparation of the "Synoptical Flora of North 
America." It also contains the largest set of the valuable 
collections secured by Cyrus G. Pringle during more than 
twenty seasons of field work in Mexico. 

The excellent local collection of the New England Bo- 
tanical Club is kept in one of the rooms of the Gray 
Herbarium. 

The Library of the Herbarium. — Together with his 
herbarium, Professor Gray gave to Harvard University 
in 1864 his extensive collection of botanical books. This 
nucleus of the library was soon increased by some rare 
and valuable floras, contributed by John A. Lowell. 
Augmented also by lesser gifts and by purchases, the 
library now contains more than 17,000 carefully selected 
volumes and pamphlets. By the gift of Mrs. Gray it 



126 



has recently received Dr. Gray's large collection of 
antograph letters of noted botanists. These manuscripts 
number more than 1100, and many are accompanied by 
portrait engravings. In the rooms of the Herbarium and 
its library are many other portraits of illustrious botanists, 
including the bronze relief of Dr. Gray by Augustus St. 
Gaudens. 

One of the Laboratories of Vegetable Physiology occu- 
pies the brick building extending eastward from the 
Herbarium. The building also contains a lecture room 
with a seating capacity of 100. This laboratory has 
recently been supplemented by a larger laboratory for 
research on the plateau in the rear. 

THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY 

The Astronomical Observatory, situated between Con- 
cord Avenue and Garden Street, Bond Street and Madison 
Street, Cambridge, opposite the Botanic Garden, was 
established in 1843. The annual income, used exclusively 
for research, is about $50,000, and is mainly derived from 
a permanent endowment of $909,000. Twenty-one men 
and nineteen women are employed. The investigations 
so far completed fill nearly 60 quarto volumes of annals. 
Discoveries made here are promptly announced by means 
of circulars which are issued, on an average, once a 
month. This Observatory, and that at Kiel, Germany, 
have been selected by international agreement as centres 
for the prompt distribution of astronomical discoveries. 
Discoveries are telegraphed to one of these centres, 
cabled from there to the other centre, and at once trans- 
mitted to the principal observatories and new^spapers of 




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127 



Europe and America. The library of the Observatory 
contains about 12,000 astronomical and meteorological 
volumes, and about 25,000 pamphlets. 

The principal objects of interest in the main building 
of the Observatory are the 15-inch equatorial telescope 
and attached photometers, the 8-inch meridian circle, 
the astronomical and meteorological libraries, and the 
clock vaults. On the grounds are the buildings containing 
the 11-inch Draper telescope, with apparatus for removing 
and replacing the large objective prisms, the apparatus 
for photographing variable stars and eclipses of Jupiter's 
satellites, and the pole star recorder for measuring the 
cloudiness at night; the 15-inch Draper reflector for 
determining the exact position of the pole, and con- 
stants of precession, aberration, and nutation ; the 8-inch 
Draper doublet; the 12-inch horizontal telescope with 
photometer for measuring stars as faint as the thirteenth 
magnitude ; the transit photometer for photographing, 
every clear night, all stars brighter than the sixth magni- 
tude between the north pole and declination — 30^, cross- 
ing the meridian after dark. The laboratory contains 
various electrical and mechanical devices, a commutator 
for controlling various telescopes, time signals for occul- 
tations, apparatus for enlargements, for standard lights, 
and for converting prismatic into normal spectra. 

A fireproof brick building contains more than 190,000 
photographs, part of which were taken in Cambridge, and 
part at the southern station of the Observatory in Peru. 
Charts and spectra of all the stars from the north to the 
south pole are represented on these photographs. As 
each region is taken on many different nights, a history of 
the entire sky during the last sixteen years is thus pro- 



128 

vided. One of the rooms contains a collection of illumin- 
ated pbotogi-aphs which illustrates the v^arious methods of 
work in use at the Observatory. 

The great reflecting telescope, aperture 60 inches, con- 
structed by the late A. A. Common, is mounted on the 
Observatory grounds. It is easily turned by electric 
motors, the friction being reduced by immersing the polar 
axis in a tank of water. The observer, in a comfortable 
room, always looks in the same direction, the stars being 
reflected into the eyepiece. The instrument will be put 
into active use as soon as the mounting is completed. 

Besides the station at Cambridge, the Observatory 
maintains an important station near Arequipa, Peru, 
where the southern stars are studied in the same way 
that the northern stars are studied in Cambridge. Every 
important investigation is thus rendered complete from 
pole to pole. The elevation of the Arequipa Station is 
8,060 feet, and the site was selected on account of its 
exceptionally favorable atmospheric conditions. For sev- 
eral years a series of meteorological stations beginning 
at the Pacific and crossing the Andes to the valley of the 
Amazon was maintained for the purpose of collecting 
material for a determination of climatic conditions. 

In 1885, a meteorological observatory was established 
on Blue Hill, 12 miles south of Cambridge, by Abbott 
Lawrence Rotch, and is maintained there at his expense. 
To avoid duplication of work, a plan of cooperation pro- 
vides for the ultimate union of the two institutions, and 
the observations made on Blue Hill are published in the 
Annals of the Harvard Observatory. Later, Blue Hill 
was taken by the Metropolitan Park Commissioners for a 
public park, but the land on which the Observatory is 



129 



built lias been leased for 99 years to the President and 
Fellows of Harvard College. This will enable the work 
of the Observatory to continue under invariable conditions 
of exposure. The first detailed measures of cloud heights 
and velocities made in this country were obtained at Blue 
Hill in 1890. For the exploration of the upper air, kites 
of various designs have been employed since 1894. In 
this way, self-recording instruments have been carried to 
a height of three miles. 

The Stillman Infirmary, a hospital for Harvard 
students, was provided by Mr. James Stillman of New 
York City, who gave $175,000 for this use. The build- 
ings, which are on Mount Auburn Street, near the Cam- 
bridge Hospital, are of stone and brick construction, 
fireproof throughout. The architects were Shepley, 
Rutan, and Coolidge. Great care has been given to the 
system of heating the wards and rooms. 

On the first floor of the main building are the oflfice, 
operating and sterilizing rooms, three private rooms for 
patients, the matron's suite, and the nurses' dining room. 
The second and third floors each contain three private 
rooms and a ward. The fourth floor is given over to 
nurses and servants. The basement contains the heating 
plant, kitchen, servants' dining room, janitor's room, etc. 

The aoxihary building contains isolation rooms and 
wards for contagious cases. It is separated from the 
main building by an open corridor, underneath which is a 
well equipped laundry. At one end of the corridor is a 
sun-room and smoking-room for convalescents. Both 
buildings have bath-rooms on every floor. 



130 



THE MEDICAL SCHOOL 

In the year 1782, John Warren, a brother of Joseph 
Warren who fell at Bunker Hill, drew up a scheme for a 
medical school in connection with the University. The 
Corporation approved it, and in 1783 lectures were given 
in Cambridge, in Holden Chapel, by Professor Warren, 
Professor Aaron Dexter, and Professor Benjamin Water- 
house. In 1810, the lectures were transferred to Boston ; 
in 1816, a small building on Mason Street, erected by 
means of a grant from the General Court, was completed, 
and was called the Massachusetts Medical College. In 
1846, that building was sold and the one now occupied 
by the Dental School, on North Grove Street, was erected 
for the Medical Faculty. In 1883, the School was again 
moved into a new and larger building on Boylston Street 
(corner of Exeter Street), and it was thought that pro- 
vision had been made for at least another generation. 

In 1900, however, so greatly had the demands upon 
the School increased, both in respect to facilities for 
Instruction and in respect to means for original research, 
that new plans for equipping the Medical School on a 
much more ample scale were discussed. These plans 
Involved the construction of five great buildings, the 
acquisition of a tract of land sufficient for these build- 
ings and for hospitals to be conducted in close connec- 
tion with the School, and the provision of an adequate 
endowment, the whole sum required being about five 
million dollars. By the spring of 1902 the necessary 
subscriptions to complete this sum had been obtained. 
Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan gave over a million dollars for 



131 

the erection of three of the five buildings, as a memorial 
of his father, once a Boston merchant; Mr. John D. 
Rockefeller gave a million dollars, which forms part of 
the permanent endowment; Mrs. Collis P. Huntington of 
New York and Mr. David Sears of Boston each gave a 
memorial building for laboratory uses. Of the other 
gifts several were devoted to specific purposes, such as 
the foundation of professorships or the strengthening of 
professorships akeady established ; others were directed 
to the general support of the undertaking. In the fall 
of 1903 work on the buildings was begun, and in Sep- 
tember, 1906, they were dedicated. 

The New Medical School is situated in Boston, on a 
lot containing a little over twenty-six acres, bounded by 
Francis Street, Huntington Avenue, and Longwood 
Avenue, and extending beyond Vila Street in a westerly 
direction. 

The five buildings front on three sides of a quadrangle 
215 by 514 feet, the Administration Building being in 
the centre of the south end, and the four laboratory build- 
ings on the east and west sides. The corridor, which 
connects them all, passes through the first story of the 
laboratory buildings and through the basement of the 
Administration Building. 

The style of the buildings, an adaptation from the 
Greek, permits great simplicity, and relies for its effect 
on the relation of the masses rather than upon any 
elaboration of detail. The doorways of the laboratories 
are similar to those discovered in Assos by the American 
expedition. 

The distance between the buildings and between the 
wings of the same building was determined by actual 



132 



experiments on the site, and permits the sun, in winter, 
to reach the basement windows. Throughout special 
attention lias been given to light. The windows in the 
teaching laboratories go to the ceiling and are high 
enough to allow the use of microscopes at the rear desks. 

The lay-out of the buildings is based largely on what 
is known as the unit system, but differs from other unit 
systems in adopting a smaller unit. Instead of taking 
the section teaching-room, say of twenty-four feet square, 
as a unit, the new Medical School takes a unit of ten 
feet of wall-space, which is the width of a window and 
of the half pier space on each side. 

One window unit of ten feet makes a room for indi- 
vidual research ; two window units, a room for a pro- 
fessor's personal use ; three window units, the standard 
teaching laboratory (30 by 23 feet), accommodating 24 
students, with the apparatus and tables necessary for 
their work. In many departments this seems to be the 
most economical number for one instructor to have under 
him. 

Since the only permanent walls are the outside walls 
and those along the corridors, the cross walls, which 
form tlie sides of these unit rooms, may be shifted at 
any time and new rooms formed of ten, twenty, thirty, 
or any multiple of ten, feet in length as may be required. 

All the buildings, except the Administration Building, 
consist of two laboratory wings joined together by a 
lecture room, above which is the library of the building. 
These lecture rooms can be used by the men in one 
laboratory wing without disturbing those in the other, 
since the doors by which they are entered are on opposite 
sides. The lecturer's desk is on the basement level, and 



133 



adjoining are two preparation rooms, one on each side ; 
the students enter from the main floor. 

The large central building of the group is the Admin- 
istration Building^ which contains, on the first floor, the 
Faculty Room, and adjoining it the offices of the Dean 
and the Secretary, the telephone exchange, a janitor's 
room, a large reading room for students, with a smoking 
room, and a room for the alumni. 

On the second floor is an amphitheatre for lectures on 
surgery, a large lecture room, and two smaller lecture 
rooms. 

The Warren Avatomical Museum occupies the whole 
of the three upper floors and is lighted by skylights, and 
by glass floors between the cases, as well as by windows 
in every alcove. It is connected with the unpacking 
room in the basement by a large elevator. There are 
also rooms for the Curator of the Museum on the third 
floor. 

In the basement are the rooms for X-ray photography 
and for instruction in bandaging. There are also locker 
rooms and lavatories for the students. 

Next the Administration Building on the east is the 
Anatomy and Histology Building. It contains also the 
Departments of Operative Surgery and Comparative 
Anatomy. The Anatomical Department occupies the 
south wing, and Histology and Comparative Anatomy the 
north wing. 

On tlie opposite side of the Court and next the Admin- 
istration Building on the west is the building devoted to 
Physiology and, Physiological Chemistry^ physiology being 
in the south wing. Besides the section teaching-rooms 
there are rooms for research work, an operating room for 



134 



animals, and sets of rooms for animals under observa- 
tion, which have been arranged with especial care. There 
are also animal houses on the roof, well ventilated and 
having yards for exercise in the open air. The labora- 
tories for physiological chemistry are fitted with all the 
most approved conveniences. There are also rooms 
devoted to special research work by individuals. 

The library in this building differs from the others in 
that the books are arranged in floor cases instead of in 
wall cases. 

These three buildings about the south end of the 
quadrangle were provided by Mr. J. Pierpont Moigan's 
gift. 

Next to the Anatomy Building on the east side of the 
Court is the C. P. Huntington BuiJdivg for Pathology and 
Bacteriology. This differs from the others in that the 
teaching laboratories take up one wing, and the profes- 
sors', instructors', and research rooms occupy the whole 
of the other or south wing. 

The teaching laboratories, of which there are four, are 
twenty feet high. This height allows two ten-foot stories 
on the research side corresponding to each teaching 
laboratory, so that the building in the teaching wing is, 
including the entrance floor, three stories high, and on 
the research side, five stories high. 

The teaching laboratories each have a capacity of 
forty-eight students. Besides the research rooms in the 
south wing there are rooms devoted to gross photography, 
also to photomicrography and ultra violet photomicro- 
graphy ; four rooms are also devoted to surgical 
patholog}^ 

In the rear of the building is a separate structure for 
the housinsr of animals. 



135 



On the opposite or west side of the quadraDgie is the 
David Sears Biiildwg^ devoted to Hygiene, Pharmacology, 
Therapeutics, Comparative Pathology, and Sm-gical Re- 
search. Pharmacology and therapeutics occupy the south 
wing, with space on the third floor for surgical research. 
The north wing has on the front the Department of 
Hygiene, which, besides its teaching laboratories, has a 
museum for exhibiting foods and appliances relating to 
public health. 

The Department of Comparative Pathology occupies 
the rear half of this wing on all floors. It has on the two 
lower floors laboratories for students and professors, a 
room for autopsies, and small rooms to be used in con- 
nection with the laboratories. The upper floors are de- 
voted to research and original work. On the top floor 
are animal rooms with an operating room adjoining. 

All the amphitheatres have two preparation rooms, one 
on either side, and automatic screens for shutting out the 
light, worked by a button at the desk. Special platforms 
for the lanterns are so arranged that there will be no 
distortion in the image throw^n upon the wall. 

The general scheme of the heating, ventilating, light- 
ing, refrigerating, and power plants is as follows : — 

The central walls on either side of the corridors in all 
the buildino's are hollow and contain all the heatino- and 
ventilating flues. The system used is indirect hot water. 
The hot fresh air is forced by fans from a plenum in the 
basement into the upper part of the rooms, and exhaust 
fans pull out the foul air from the lower level. In the 
chemical laboratories the foul air goes out through the 
hoods as well as through the exhaust ducts. Sufficient 
direct radiation, however, is installed to keep the build- 



136 



ings moderately heated during the night and on Sundays 
when the fans are not running. Below the corridor, 
which gives communication between all the buildings, 
there is a tunnel connecting with the power house on 
Vila Street. In this tunnel, which is large enough for 
men to work in freely, are carried the hot water pipes for 
the heating, hot water for the hot water service in all the 
buildings, gas and steam pipes, electric conduits, brine for 
the refrigeration, and all other necessary pipes. In the 
power house are installed all the necessary appliances for 
heating, lighting, refrigerating, and power. It is also 
intended to supply the different hospitals from this same 
station. 

It is proposed eventually to close the end of the main 
quadrangle on Longwood Avenue with an iron fence and 
gates of a monumental character, one at the entrance of 
the terraces on either side and a large iron gate in the 
centre of the quadrangle. This fence and gates, it is 
hoped, will be contributed by the classes of the Medical 
School oil their graduation. A boulevard one hundred 
feet wide, on the north and south axis of the quadrangle, 
and a plaza at the point where this intersects Longwood 
Avenue, when constructed, will give a dignified approach 
to the buildings and will connect them with the Fenway. 

THE DENTAL SCHOOL 

The Harvard Dental School was established by vote of 
the President and Fellows of Harvard College, July 17, 
1867. In 1865, Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep had in his 
annual address before the Massachusetts Dental Society, 
of which he was then President, suggested the need of a 



137 



Dental School in connection with Harvard University ; 
and thus began the movement which resulted in the 
establishment of the School. The first session opened 
on the first Wednesday in November, 1867, and con- 
tinued until the following March. The first examination 
of candidates for degrees was held March 6, 1869. 

The School building, formerly used by the Medical 
School, is situated on North Grove Street, Boston. 
It is three stories in height. The first floor contains 
the chemical laboratory, provided with 140 desks, the 
janitor's rooms, and the store room. The second floor 
is used for the mechanical laboratory, the waiting room, 
the anaesthesia and surgical rooms, lecture rooms, and 
the office. The large lecture room has a seating capacity 
of 300. On the third floor are two operating infirmaries, 
B and C, an office, and a surgical room. Each of the 
infirmaries has 27 operating chairs; the surgical room 
is provided with a surgical chair, cases, and instruments. 
The fourth floor contains a sitrgical clinic room. 

The museum of the School is situated on the third floor 
and contains, in properly arranged cabinets, specimens 
of comparative anatomy, materia medica, pathology, 
mechanical pieces, dental and surgical instruments, 
plaster models of orthodontia cases, carving, etc. 
IncUided in the specimens of comparative anatomy are 
24 Hawaiian skulls, more than 1500 years. old, found in 
the caves of the Hawaiian Islands, which show many of 
the modern diseases known to dentistry. The total 
number of specimens in the museum is over 3,500. 
A library of 700 volumes is open to students and grad- 
uates of the School. 



138 



THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION 

The School of Agriculture and Horticulture, known as 
the Bussey Institution, was estabHshed in execution of 
trusts created by the will of Benjamin Bussey, bearing- 
date July 30, 1835, and was opened in 1871-72. It is 
situated at the outer edge of Jamaica Plain, close to 
the Forest Hills stations of the Electric Railway and of 
the Boston and Providence division of the New York, 
New Haven, and Hartford Railroad. 

The large stone building of the Institution contains lec- 
ture rooms, recitation rooms, and laboratories for instruc- 
tion in agriculture and horticulture, and in chemistry, 
natural history, physics, and mathematics and surveying, 
as applied to those arts. It contains, also, a library of 
some 4500 volumes relating chiefly to agriculture and hor- 
ticulture. The greenhouses afford opportunity for teaching 
the manual operations of horticulture and for the study of 
a great variety of living plants. The nurseries and park- 
like plantations of the Arnold Arboretum are adjacent to 
the buildings of the School and serve to supplement its 
teaching. 

Connected with the School is a farm, on which forage 
is grown and animals are kept. 

The students of the Bussey Institution include persons 
intending to become farmers, gardeners, florists, landscape 
gardeners, managers or stewards of large estates or of 
parks, towns, highways, or public institutions, overseers 
of farms, and owners of rural property. 




THE SCHOOL BUILDING OK THE BUSSEY INSTHUIImN 











THE MUSEUM OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 



139 



THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 

The Arnold Arboretum, a living museum of trees and 
shrubs, is managed by a director who is also Professor of 
Arboriculture. It occupies 220 acres of land in Jamaica 
Plain, near the Forest Hills station of the New York, 
New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, with two entrances 
from the Parkway of Boston, which forms its eastern 
boundary, and others from Centre Street, Walter Street, 
Fairview Street, and South Street, Jamaica Plain. It was 
established in 1872 by an arrangement between the Presi- 
dent and Fellows and the trustees under the will of James 
Arnold, of New Bedford, the President and Fellows 
furnishing about 120 acres of land which formed part of 
the so-called Bussey Farm, bequeathed to them by the late 
Benjamin Bussey, and Mr. Arnold's trustees an endow- 
ment of $100,000, which has since been increased by 
accumulated income and other gifts to $350,000. By 
another arrangement, made subsequently with the City of 
Boston, the Arboretum is open to the public every day in 
the year from sunrise to sunset, and the city, through its 
Park Commissioners, has built roads and walks in the 
Arboretum and supplies the police force necessary for its 
protection. Additional land was also acquired by the 
city and added to the Arboretum, which in 1894 was 
further enlarged by the President and Fellows with 75 
acres of ground belonging to the Bussey Farm. 

The Arboretum is now traversed by between three and 
four miles of park roads, along which all the trees hardy 
in the climate of eastern Massachusetts are arranged in 
great open groups of genera, American species being 



140 



followed first by European and then by Asiatic species. 
These tree groups ai'e bordered by shrubs, so far as pos- 
sible of the same related genera, and in a special collec- 
tion, occupying several acres near the entrance from the 
Forest Hills station, all the shrubs hardy in this climate 
are arranged in parallel beds, according to their botanical 
relationships. The Arboretum also contains large areas 
of woodland, — in the management of which the object 
sought is the production of the greatest natural beauty, — 
and many fine native trees. From its two high hills 
views of the distant country and of the City of Boston 
and its harbor can be obtained. 

The Arboretum is equipped wdth a herbarium of ligneous 
plants preserved in a fireproof building ; this contains 
very full sets of specimens of all North American trees 
and is rich in the types of the woody vegetation of the 
whole northern hemisphere ; the dendrological library 
of 15,000 volumes and several thousand pamphlets is 
believed to be unrivalled in its completeness. In con- 
nection with the Herbarium and Library there is a very 
complete set of wood specimens representing the trees of 
North America, presented to the University with the cases 
in which they are arranged by Mr. Morris K. Jesup of 
New York. Special students in dendrology are received 
at the Arboretum, and every spring and autumn popular 
lectures are given, largely to teachers ; but it is principally 
managed as a station for scientific research into the 
character, the distribution, and the uses of hardy trees 
and shrubs, and of the best methods for their cultivation. 



141 



A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF STUDENT LIFE AT 

HARVARD 

In the preceding pages the grounds and buildings de- 
voted to the educational aims of the University have been 
described. It remains to say somewhat of the places 
associated with the daily life of the University population, 
particularly of the students. 

So rapid has been the recent growth of the student 
body that the University no longer attempts to feed and 
house the whole number of those whom it instructs. 
Memorial and Randall halls, conducted by student asso- 
ciations, supply with food about half of those who live 
in Cambridge. The others patronize public cafes and 
restaurants and private boarding-houses, or avail them- 
selves of the accommodations which many of the clubs 
afford. Now and then one also finds a poor student 
preparing his food over a spirit lamp in his room. At 
the private boarding houses, as in Memorial Hall, club 
tables are commonly formed. 

DORMITORIES 

The University rarely fails to let all the rooms in those 
dormitories in Cambridge which it owns, and which have 
been described ; but an increasingly large percentage of 
the students, either from necessity or from preference, 
live elsewhere. Many find quarters in private houses, 
and some, whose homes are in Cambridge and the neigh- 
boring towns and cities, live at home ; a few live in fra- 
ternity houses, and a large number are housed in private 
dormitories. Some of these private dormitories offer 



142 



accoinmodatious not substantially better or worse than 
what the University gives in its dormitories ; but in recent 
years luxurious quarters for the richer students have been 
provided by the enterprise of capitalists. These expen- 
sive buildings are nearly all to the southward of the 
College Yard, on Mount Auburn Street or in its neighbor- 
hood. The newest of them have such appliances for the 
pleasure and comfort of their lodgers as are found in 
expensive bachelor apartments in New York and other 
cities ; swimming tanks and apparatus for gymnastics are 
offered by some of them. The poorer students find rooms 
at rentals of seventy-five dollars, fifty dollars, or even 
less ; the richer pay on an average five hundred dollars. 
The rooms in the dormitories and in most of the private 
houses are let unfurnished, and a student may fit up his 
quarters economically or luxuriously, according to his 
means. Ordinarily, a student rooming alone has a study 
and a small bedroom or alcove, and two students rooming 
together have a study in common and two bedrooms or 
alcoves. 

No doubt, the chief reason why the newer private dormi- 
tories have arisen between the Yard and the Charles 
Itiver is that this region has come to be the centre of 
those activities in which the social spirit, the college 
loyalty, and the literary, musical, and other interests of 
the student body express themselves. Here are the 
principal club houses, most of them within easy reach of 
the dormitories. Along Massachusetts Avenue, facing the 
Y'ard, and in Harvard Square, southwest of the Yard, are 
the shops, restaurants, billiard rooms, etc., most frequented 
by the students. Across the river are the principal play- 
grounds, and on its banks are the boat houses. 



143 



ATHLETICS 
Of all the student activities, none attracts more atten- 
tion from the general public than athletics, and those 
branches of athletics in which Harvard teams engage in 
intercollegiate contests have been for years the subject 
of much discussion. The various sports are sustained 
by elaborate organizations among the students, and 
regulated by a committee composed of officers, graduates, 
and undergraduates. The old Delta was for many years 
the principal playground ; when it was chosen to be the 
site of Memorial Hall, Jarvis Field was secured in its 
stead. Jarvis and Holmes fields accommodated all the 
teams except the crews until 1895, when Soldier's Field, 
south of the Charles, became available. 

SOLDIER'S FIELD 
This spacious playground, covering twenty acres, was 
given to the College in 1890 by Henry Lee Higginson, of 
the Class of 1855. A shaft near the main entrance is 
inscribed as follows : — 

TO THE 

HAPPY MEMORY OF 

JAMES SAVAGE 

CHARLES RUSSELL LOWELL 

EDWARD BARRY DALTON 

STEPHEN GEORGE PERKINS 

JAMES JACKSON LOWELL 

ROBERT GOULD SHAW 

FRIENDS COMRADES KINSMEN 

WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY 

THIS FIELD IS DEDICATED BY 

HENRY LEE HIGGINSON 

THOUGH LOVE REPINE AND REASON CHAFE 
THERE CAME A VOICE WITHOUT REPLY 
't is man's PERDITION TO BE SAFE 
WHEN FOR THE TRUTH HE OUGHT TO DIE 



144 

III 1893-94, a locker building was erected on Soldier's 
Field by subscriptions from the Alumni, the Carey build- 
ing on Holmes Field being no longer available for the 
teams, on account of the distance. Opposite the locker 
building stands a base-ball cage, built in 1897. It is 
called the Carey building, for the reason that in the same 
year the Corporation took the Carey building on Holmes 
Field for a laboratory, and in return contributed $15,000 
to the improvement of the new playground. On Soldier's 
Field are the base-ball diamond, the foot-ball field, — 
around which is a quarter-mile cinder track, — and fields 
for lacrosse and other sports. The Shooting Club prac- 
tises here also, and has a small house of its own. 

At the northeast corner of the field is the Newell Oate 
and within it a keeper's lodge. On the gate is the fol- 
lowing inscription : — 

THIS GATE WAS ERECTED 

IN MEMORY OF 
MARSHALL NEWELL 

BORN 1871 DIED 1897 



AN ATHLETE 

STURDY ALERT AND BRAVE 

A LOVER OF BEAUTY AND 

TRUTH A SIMPLE UNSELFISH 

WHOLESOME FAITHFUL MAN 

" SOME PEOPLE ARE LIKE SPRINGS 
ALWAYS BUBBLING OVER 
WITH FRESHNESS AND LIFE'" 



145 



THE STADIUM 

The Stadium is a structure of concrete, of horseshoe 
shape (except that the sides are straight and parallel), 
with seats in concentric rows, thirty-one in number, 
rising one above another to a height of forty-six feet. 
The outside walls are composed of two stories of massive 
arches, above which a third story or colonnade is some- 
time to be added to complete the design and provide a 
covering for the promenade which runs the whole length 
of the wall outside the highest row of seats. The out- 
side dimensions of the Stadium are 573 feet by 420 feet. 
The field which it encloses measures 478 feet by 230 
feet. On this field are laid out the running track and the 
*' gridiron," and here the principal track contests and 
foot-ball games are held. 

Since 1905 the afternoon Class Day exercises have 
been held in the semicircular end of the Stadium, replac- 
ing the old Tree exercises and the later Statue exercises 
in the delta of Memorial Hall. In the summer of 1906 
the "Agamemnon" of Aeschylus was given here in the 
original Greek with marked success. 

The seating capacity of the Stadium proper is about 
23,000. By the addition of temporary wooden stands 
on the top promenade and in front of the lower parapet, 
the number of seats can be raised to 35,000. An ad- 
ditional stand built across the open end brings the total 
number of spectators who can be accommodated up to 
nearly 45,000. 

The erection of the Stadium was first made possible 
by a gift of $100,000 from the Class of 1879, in the 
spring of 1903. The wooden bleachers or iron stands 
previously in use had long been unsatisfactory both on 
account of the dangers from fire and from the natural 



146 



processes of decay, and on account of the large expense 
annually incurred for repairs. The Athletic Committee, 
therefore, willingly added to the Class of 1879's gift the 
surplus of $75,000 which had gradually accumulated in 
its hands, and the necessary balance was easily borrowed, 
to be repaid from gate receipts in later years. A careful 
study of the problem under the guidance of Professor 
Hollis showed that a structure of stone or brick would 
be quite beyond the means available, and that concrete, 
reinforced by twisted steel rods, was the most suitable 
substance for the purpose. The general plan, from the 
architectural side, was worked out by Mr. George B. 
de Gersdorff, under the direction of Mr. C. F. McKim, 
but the working drawings were made and the construc- 
tion supervised by Professor L. J. Johnson, witli Mr. 
J. R. Worcester as consulting engineer. 

The method of building consisted of putting up 
wooden molds, into which the concrete was poured. 
Every column and beam and all the walls had twisted 
steel rods imbedded in them, as a means of preventing 
cracks due to shrinkage. The removal of the wooden 
molds has in all cases left a perfect imprint of the wood, 
and further treatment of the outside is necessary to 
remove all evidence of the joints and cracks as well as 
the grain of the wood. The seats were cast separately 
and were put in place upon steel girders, just as stone 
would be laid. They are really artificial stone, with 
steel netting imbedded in them to prevent cracks.* 

The total cost of the Stadium in its present unfinished 
condition was about $250,000. 

* See an account of the building of the Stadium in the Harvard 
Graduates' Magazine^ March, 1904, vol. xii, p. 341. 



147 



ROWING 

Doubtless the oldest of the athletic sports now flourish- 
ing at Cambridge is rowing. As early as 1844, the Class of 
1846 bonght an eight-oared boat and named it the Oneida. 
Several clubs were formed, each taking the name of its 
boat. The clubs raced with each other and with out- 
side clubs. In 1852, the long series of Yale-Harvard 
races began on a two-mile course on Lake Qninsigamond, 
the Oneida of Harvard winning by four lengths from the 
Shawmut of Yale. A second race was won from Yale 
in 1855, and the building of a boat house the next year 
was one of the signs of the growing popularity of the 
sport. In 1859 and 1860, Harvard beat Yale and Brown 
on Lake Qninsigamond ; the shell used by the Harvard 
crews in those two races is in the Harvard Union. Dur- 
ing the Civil War, rowing languished until 1864, when 
the races with Yale were resumed. In 1870, Harvard 
had a record against her chief rival of seven victories out 
of nine contests ; in 1869, a four-oar Harvard crew rowed 
a very creditable race on the Thames against Oxford, the 
Englishmen w^inning by six seconds. 

From 1871 to 1876, Harvard rowed in college regattas, 
first at Springfield and then at Saratoga. But in 1876 a 
dual league with Yale was formed, and this arrangement 
lasted until 1895. From 1879 until 1895, all the races 
were rowed at New London. Owing to a rupture of 
athletic relations with Yale, Harvard rowed in 1896 at 
Poughkeepsie, and was beaten by Cornell. In 1897 and 
1898, Cornell beat both Yale and Harvard. The dual 
league with Yale has been revived within recent years. 
Yale at present leads Harvard in the number of vie- 



148 



tories. In addition to the annual race with Yale at New 
London, since 1905 races have been rowed with Cornell 
either at Cambridge or at Poughkeepsie, and in 1907 
Harvard rowed Columbia on the Charles River. In 
1906 the victorious crew against Yale rowed against 
Oxford on the Thames. It was defeated, but rowed 
a very creditable race, and derived much beneficial 
rowing experience. 

The crew or ''eight" is housed in the 'Varsity boat 
house. A captain is elected at the end of each season by 
the men who have rowed in the principal race, — usually 
the race with Yale. The captain, after consultation with 
graduates interested in rowing, selects a coach, who is 
ordinarily a Harvard graduate; but the crews of 1897 
and 1898 were coached by Mr. R. C. Lehmann, a gradu- 
ate of Cambridge, England, and a famous amateur expert 
in rowing. For the last four years the University crew 
has had the instruction of a professional coach. 

Besides the University, there are a number of other 
crews at Harvard. In 1879, class crews were formed, 
and the class races, rowed every spring on the Charles, 
have served to develop oarsmen for the " 'Varsity." 

The Weld Boat House. — In 1890, Mr. George 
Walker Weld, of the Class of 1860, who, in spite of 
being himself an invalid and incapable of any active 
exercise, retained a keen interest in athletics, built and 
equipped a boat house for the especial benefit of students 
not rowing on the University or class crews. The Weld 
Boat Club had possession of this building, situated on 
the east bank of the Charles River, at Boylston Street, 
Cambridge, until the new Weld Boat House was built in 
1907. 



149 



The new Weld Boat House, situated on the site of the 
former Weld Boat House, was built in 1907 with money 
from the estate of George W. Weld, who, dying in 1905, 
desired that his property be devoted to undergraduate 
sports, especially rowing. 

The architects of the new building were Peabody and 
Stearns. 

The University Boat House, on the other side 
of the river and a little further upstream, was a gift from 
the Harvard Club of New York City. Built in 1899, at 
a cost of $27,500, it was destroyed by fire in December 
of the same year. The loss was covered by insurance, 
but more money was given by the New York Harvard 
Club, and work was soon begun on the present building, 
which cost $42,000, and was formally turned over to the 
University on November 16, 1901. 

It is used by the University crews and by the Newell 
Boat Club, which was organized in 1898-99 and was 
named in honor of Marshall Newell, of the Class of 1894, 
famous in his day as a foot-ball player and oarsman. Until 
1901 the Newell Club had quarters in the old boat house. 

The present system of selecting the University crew is 
as follows : — 

Class crews are formed at both the Weld and Newell 
clubs early in the season, and race for the class cham- 
pionship just before the spring recess. From these crews 
the most promising men are selected by the captain and 
coaches for further training and trials. The victorious 
class crews take part in various dual races and regattas. 

In 1905-06 the system of graded crews was abolished 
and a new system of dormitory crews was inaugurated. 



150 



This at once proved popular, as it enabled a much greater 
number than formerly to take part in rowhig. Each of 
the larger dormitories has a crew, and the smaller 
dormitories join in groups of two or three in form- 
ing crews. These dormitory races take the form of 
" bumping" races. Under this system the various crews 
take their places along the river in single file, at equal 
intervals. The crew which laps the one ahead is said to 
" bump" the other crew, and in the next race the crews 
which "bump" and which are "bumped" exchange 
positions. This system has proved very popular and 
arouses much enthusiasm. After a series of races, cups 
are awarded to the best crew. 

FOOT-BALL 

Foot-ball, as played nowadays, is a comparative new- 
comer among college sports ; but foot-ball of a different 
sort was played at Harvard long before the Civil War. 
A rough-and-tumble match between the Freshmen and the 
Sophomores used to be played every year on the Delta. 
The Faculty put an end to the custom, but it is supposed 
that the "rushes" on "Bloody Monday" night — the 
evening of the first Monday after term begins in the au- 
tumn — were a survival of the old encounters on the Delta. 

In 1873, a foot-ball association was formed, and rules 
limiting the number of players to fifteen on a side were 
adopted. The number was gradually reduced to eleven. 
In 1880, the Rugby rules were adopted. In 1885, the 
Faculty prohibited the game on account of its roughness, 
but the next year the ban was removed. 

The first regular game of foot-ball between Harvard 
and Yale was played in the fall of 1875 and was won by 



151 



Harvard. From that time, up to and including the con- 
test in 1894, there were sixteen games, of which Yale 
won fourteen and Harvard one. The game in 1879 re- 
sulted in a draw. There were no contests in tlie years 
1877, 1885, and 1888. A display of brutality in the foot- 
ball game in 1894 caused a cessation of all athletic relations 
with Yale, and it was not until 1897 that another foot- 
ball match was played. Since then. Harvard has won 
from Yale twice, in 1898 and 1901 ; tied twice, in 1897 
and 1899 ; and been defeated six times. Both tie games 
were remarkable in that neither side scored. Harvard 
now plays every year with Yale and with many smaller 
colleges. With Princeton there have only been two 
matches since 1889. 

Jarvis was the foot-ball field until 1895, when the sport 
was transferred to Soldier's Field. The annual match 
with Yale, played formerly at Springfield, is now played 
alternately at Cambridge and at New Haven. It attracts 
enormous ci'owds and is usually a most exciting spectacle. 

BASE-BALL 

Base-ball has flourished at Harvard ever since 1862, 
when the base-ball club of the Class of 1866 was formed. 
It practised first on the Common, near the Washington 
Elm, and later on the Delta. Yale had no club at that 
time, but in June, 1863, a game was played with the 
Brown Sophomores at Providence, and the Harvard nine 
won. The first game with Yale was played in 1868. 
Jarvis Field became the playground when Memorial Hall 
was built, and afterwards Holmes Field. In 1897, base- 
ball was transferred to Soldier's Field. 



152 



In 1896, athletic relations with Yale were resumed after 
a break of over a year. Of the twelve series of base-ball 
games played since that date, Harvard has won nine, with 
a total of nineteen games out of thirty-one. There was 
a tie game played in Cambridge in 1905. The game with 
Yale the day before Class Day at Cambridge is one of 
the great athletic events of every year. Harvard plays 
also with various other colleges. 

TRACK ATHLETICS 

The track and field teams represent the University in 
the annual Mott Haven games, a meeting of various col- 
leges, and in the dual games with Yale. Harvard has a 
Mott Haven cup, the trophy of eight victories, and in 
1899 the first cup offered for the dual contests with Yale 
became Harvard's property as the result of five victories 
over her dearest foe. 

Since 1891 there have been sixteen dual meets with 
Yale. Of these Harvard has won nine, with a total of 
862^ points to Yale's 833J points. In the contest for 
the present trophy — a silver cup — each University has 
won four victories. 

OTHER SPORTS 

Lawn tennis is played chiefly on Jarvis Field, which 
was given over to the Lawn Tennis Association when the 
foot-ball team ceased to play there. Several tennis courts 
have been built lately on Soldier's Field. There is a golf 
team, a lacrosse team, a fencing team, a shooting team, 
an Association foot-ball team, a basket-ball team, a 
hockey team, and a swimming team. 



153 



The student organizations devoted to other than athletic 
purposes are many and various. To most of them the 
term chib may be appKed ; but some have not taken that 
form . 

Perhaps the greatest practical importance should be 
attributed to the editorial boards of the student publica- 
tions. 

HARVARD JOURNALISM 

The undergraduate publications are six in number. 
The Harvard Crimson appears daily, excepting Sundays. 
The Lampoon,, the college illustrated comic paper, and 
The Advocate, the oldest of the six, whence its sobriquet, 
"Mother Advocate," are published fortnightly. The 
Monthly, as its name implies, and The Harvard Illustrated 
Magazine are published once a month. The Harvard 
Engineering Journal is issued four times during the year. 
To these may properly be added The Harvard Law 
Review, conducted by students in the Law School. 

The Harvard Lampoon, founded in 1876, had among 
its first editors Robert Grant, F. J. Stimson, J. T. Wheel- 
wright, and F. G. Attwood. In 1880, it ceased to appear, 
and some of the men who had founded it went to New 
York to write for Life, which was started at that time. 
In 1881, The Lampoon began to come out again as in its 
" Second Series," so that it is now able to boast that it 
is the oldest comic paper in the country and the parent of 
Life. The editors, about twenty in number, have a Sanc- 
tum in the house next the Hasty Pudding Club on Holyoke 
Street. The comical aspects of college life are set forth 
in this paper, and a mildly satirical attitude is maintained 
towards the governing powers. 



154 



The Harvard Crimson^ the college daily, is a larger 
and more business-like concern than any of the other col- 
lege papers. The board of editors, and the candidates, 
who serve a severe four months' apprenticeship, are 
expected to do a really considerable amount of work dur- 
ing the college year. The Crimson otHces in the Harvard 
Union are large and give working accommodations to the 
graduate weekly. The Bulletin, and to the Harvard cor- 
respondents of various newspapers. The " Sanctum," 
in the back of the office, is more or less sacred to the 
editors, and is used chiefly as a clu broom. 

The Harvard Advocate is more closely associated with 
the undergraduate }>ublications of the past than any other 
Harvard periodical now issued. It is the immediate suc- 
cessor of the short-lived Collegian, which appeared in 1866 
with the motto " Dulce est periculum." The second of 
the three numbers of The Collegian contained a Socratic 
dialogue, in which Socrates asked what the compulsory 
chapel services really were, considering that the minister 
was the only person present who was intent on his devo- 
tions. After the Faculty had suppressed the paper and 
threatened expulsion to any who should allow themselves 
such freedom again, the Advocate appeared under the 
motto " Veritas nihil veretur." In time, it ventured to 
print the old motto *'Dulce est periculum" also. 

The Monthly is much like The Advocate. Both publish 
stories and poems, but The Monthly is given also to rather 
serious studies in literature. For example, it published 
the first English translation of one of Ibsen's later plays 
and the first bibliography of George Meredith. Further- 
more, it proposes to keep in touch with college affairs, 
and prints every month a ''leader," written by some 



155 



prominent upperclassman or graduate, concerning affairs 
of current interest. 

The Advocate and The Monthly occupy adjacent offices 
and " sanctums " on the top floor of the Union. 

The Harvard Illustrated Magazine was founded in 
1899. Its aim is to treat the varied University interests 
in timely, graphic, and authoritative articles, thus sup- 
plying a continuous historical and illustrated record of 
peculiar interest and value to both students and grad- 
uates. The Magazine is, however, by no means hmited 
to Universit}^ affairs, and does not, therefore, restrict its 
field exclusively to the work of students and alumni. 

The Harvard Eyigineering Journal first appeared in 
April, 1902. It is the journal of the Harvard Engineer- 
ing Society^ is edited under the guidance of professors 
in the Engineering Department of the University, and is 
devoted to engineering and architectural interests. 

The Harvard Law Review was started in 1887, and is 
conducted by students in the Law School. Its leading 
articles are by members of the Law Faculty and by 
eminent lawers. Its notes on current cases cover recent 
decisions in all parts of the world, and include all cases 
which disclose the general progress and tendencies of 
the law. 

Of the Harvard men who in their college days served on 
the editorial boards of student publications many became 
eminent in later life, and a few have been famous. 
Edward Everett and Samuel Oilman (the author of " Fair 
Harvard") were on the board of The Harvard Lyceum^ 
which appeared in 1810 and 1811. Later, in 1830, 
Oliver Wendell Holmes contributed to the first Collegian. 
James Russell Lowell was an editor of Harvardiana^ 



156 

1835-1838. Phillips Brooks, F. B. Sanborn, and J. B. 
Greenough were among the originators of The Harvard 
Magazine. Roger Wolcott, '70, and Theodore Roosevelt, 
'80, were on The Advocate. 

THE CLUBS 

There are more than a hundred student organizations, 
other than athletic, to each of w^hich the term "club" 
may be applied. Social intercourse is a feature of most 
of them, but in many this is subsidiary to other objects. 

PRACTICAL CLUBS 

There are clubs devoted to such practical work as the 
management of the dining halls (the Harvard Dining 
Association and the Randall Hall Association), to the 
conduct of a store (the Cooperative Society), or to the 
superintendence of philanthropic undertakings (the Phil- 
lips Brooks House Association) . These have been already 
described. 

RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES 

The religious societies have been many. Those now 
flourishing are the Harvard University Christian Asso- 
ciation (Protestant), which traces its origin to the Satur- 
day Evening Society, founded in 1802 ; the St. Paul's 
Catholic Club, formed in 1892 ; the Harvard Mission, 
founded in 1904, and the St. Paul's Society (Protestant 
Episcopal) . Phillips Brooks House is available for the 
meetings of all these societies. 



157 



POLITICAL CLUBS 

The interest of the student body in the affairs of the 
Republic, and in particular political movements, is fre- 
quently exhibited. In fact, none of the higher forces of 
University life are stronger than the simple impulse of 
patriotism. The presidential elections always bring into 
action clubs representing the two great parties ; fre- 
quently, the smaller parties, and factions of the greater, 
are also represented. Organizations like the Harvard 
Political Club aim at continuous agitation along certain 
lines. 

SECTIONAL CLUBS 

Sectional clubs, like the Southern, the Maine, the Cali- 
fornia, and the Western New York, bring together the 
men whose feeling for their home associations is strong, 
especially those whose homes are remote from Cambridge. 
Of these, the Southern Club, which has a club house 
of its own at 77 Mt. Auburn Street, is perhaps the best 
organized. Similarly, the larger preparatory schools are 
represented by such associations as the Exeter Club, the 
Andover Club, etc. 

EDUCATIONAL CLUBS 

There are associations of students — graduates, under- 
graduates, and professional-schools-men — based on 
serious interest in nearly every important branch of study. 
The Graduate Club brings together a large number of men 
pursuing advanced studies and doing original work in 
various departments, among them many representatives 
of other American and Canadian colleges. The law 
clubs are organized like courts ; their members prepare 



158 



briefs, argue cases, and render decisions, all in the most 
business-like way. Among the undergraduates, the clubs 
interested in modern languages are particularly strong. 
The Cercle Frangais and the Deutscher Verein both give 
dramatic performances, and in recent years the Cercle 
has been enabled, through the generosity of Mr. James 
Hazen Hyde, '98, to offer the University community 
courses of lectures on French literature by such eminent 
French men of letters as M. Bruneti^re and M. Rod. 
The Circolo Italiano, the Sociedad Espaiiola, and the 
Esperanto Society cultivate their respective fields. For 
the students of science there are the Natural History 
Society, — an old organization, — the Boylston Chemical 
Club, the Electrical Club, and several others. 

The debating clubs should also be placed in this cate- 
gory, and they have an especial interest for the pubhc 
because of the intercollegiate debates in which they 
engage. Debating was a feature of many of the older 
societies w^hich in the course of time have become purely 
social. A "Harvard Union," devoted entirely to speak- 
ing, flourished in the thirties. It was revived in 1880, 
^nd in 1891-92 it started a series of annual debates with 
Yale. At present there are three debating clubs, — the 
Agora, the Forum, and the Freshman Debating Club; 
and in addition the University Debating Council, which 
is composed of the presidents of the three clubs and men 
who have been University debaters. It has charge of 
all the debating interests of the College. Intercollegiate 
debates have been held annually with Yale since 1893, 
and with Princeton since 1895. Of seventeen debates 
with Yale, Harvard has won thirteen ; of twelve with 
Princeton, eight have been decided in favor of Harvard. 



159 



Rooms on the upper floor of Dane Hall have been granted 
by the College to the use of the debating clubs. 

MUSICAL CLUBS 

There are several organizations based on a love of 
music. One of them, the Pierian Sodality, founded in 
1806, is probably the oldest musical society in the 
country. It is said that in 1832 its membership was 
reduced to one man, who " elected himself to all the 
offices, attended his own rehearsals, and so carried the 
club through the year." The Glee Club dates from 1858 ; 
the Banjo and Mandohn clubs are of later origin. These 
three frequently give concerts together, and they have a 
pleasant custom of making music in the Yard on warm 
evenings towards the close of term time. They used to 
make extensive tours through the country during the 
Christmas holidays, but such expeditions are now pro- 
hibited. During recent years, it has been the custom for 
all three to unite with the musical clubs of Yale in a 
joint concert the evening before the annual Yale-Harvard 
foot-ball game. Each of the three has its counterpart 
in the Freshman class. The Harvard Musical Club has 
rooms in Wadsworth House, where frequent meetiugs are 
held. An annual concert is given each winter, at which 
original compositions are produced. 

MISCELLANEOUS CLUBS 

A set of interests, not athletic or social or literary, finds 
expression in such organizations as the Camera Club, the 
Chess Club, and the Whist Club. The Camera Club has 
an annual exhibition, at which prizes are awarded. The 
Chess Club has a fine record in the intercollegiate con- 



160 

tests, and tbe AYhist Club has beaten Yale almost every 
year since 1894, when the club was formed. 

The Harvard Union. — The Harvard Union is 
the most inclusive of all Harvard clubs. Its member- 
ship is open to all past and present members of Harvard 
University, whether their connection is that of students or 
officers. It thus becomes a common meeting ground and 
place of convenient resort for all Harvard men, since it 
accommodates under one roof a great many of the interests 
which bring Harvard men together, and also provides the 
conveniences of a large and well-appointed club house. 
It is also the accepted place for University mass meet- 
ings, and for the large gatherings of graduates and 
undergraduates occasioned by important athletic contests. 

The name " Harvard Union " was first given to a debat- 
ing society founded in March, 1880, which, it was hoped, 
would form the nucleus of a university club, like the 
Unions at Oxford and Cambridge. As a debating society 
it accomplished some useful results, but on the social side 
it failed to expand. Meanwhile, with Harvard's rapid 
growth, the need of a social centre became more apparent, 
and, in the autumn of 1895, new interest in the project 
having been stimulated by an article in the Harvard 
Graduates' Magazine by William Roscoe Thayer, '81, 
the first president of the Harvard Union of 1880, a 
meeting was called to discuss it. A permanent com- 
mittee, of which Mr. Charles Francis Adams was chairman 
and Mr. W. R. Thayer was secretary, was appointed, and 
through circulars, correspondence, and personal addresses, 
it brought the question before Harvard alumni in all parts 
of the country. It was thought that $200,000 would be 



161 



needed, and the financial outlook at the time being unpro- 
pitioiis, the committee postponed action. In the fol- 
lowing two years the undergraduates had the chance 
to take up the subject and grow zealous over it, while 
the alumni also became convinced that the institution 
was needed. 

After the Spanish War of 1898, a committee of grad- 
uates and undergraduates was organized to raise a mem- 
orial to the Harvard volunteers who had died in that war. 
Through the suggestion of Professor I. N. HoUis, it was 
decided to combine this memorial with a building for 
social purposes, and then, in the autumn of 1899, Major 
Henry L. Higginson, '55, offered to give $150,000 for 
a building. The old debating society had split up, 
and the new club took the name originally intended — 
Harvard Union. The Corporation assigned part of the 
Warren estate, at the corner of Quincy and Harvard 
Streets, as a site; J. H. Hyde, '98, gave $20,000 to fit 
up a library; Augustus Hemenway, '75, and F. L. Hig- 
ginson, '63, gave each $10,000 towards furnishing; and 
various other graduates and friends contributed smaller 
sums or special decorations. The architects were Messrs. 
McKim, Mead, and White, of New York. 

The building, the plans and construction of which were 
supervised by Professor HoUis, was formally dedicated 
October 15, 1901. It consists of a basement and three 
floors, and covers an area of quarter of an acre. In the 
basement are the kitchens, store rooms, engine room, 
toilet and bath rooms, bilhard room, barber shop, and a 
suite of rooms used for offices and composing room by 
the Harvard Crimsori. On the main floor, opening directly 
from the entrance hall, is the great Living Room (nearly 



162 



lOO feet long hy 40 feet wide). Its walls of panelled 
oak are hung with portraits, and there are two large open 
hearths for wood fires at opposite ends of the room. 
Daily newspapers from the principal cities of the United 
States are kept on file. Small tables are available for 
after-dinner coffee or light refreshments. Occasionally 
smokers, open to members, are held here, at which enter- 
tainment is furnished by the University musical clubs, or 
by readings, addresses, etc. On the left are the dining 
rooms — a large one for general use, a small one for 
the University athletic teams. Adjoining the Living Room 
on the right are periodical, game, and writing rooms. 
In the second story is a well chosen library of over six 
thousand volumes, contained in three connecting rooms 
which give direct access to the shelves and afford an 
agreeable privacy to readers. The Library Committee 
enjoys the interested cooperation of the University Library 
and of several oflEicers of the University. On the same 
floor is the Trophy Room, which contains an interesting 
series of athletic trophies won by University teams, a 
committee room, an assembly room, and a ladies' dining 
room, to which there is a separate entrance. The upper 
story provides quarters for the Advocate and the Monthly^ 
and bedrooms for a few transient guests. The Athletic 
Manager has an office under the pavilion. 

The Union is managed by a board of officers chosen 
annually by the active members in all departments of 
the University. A board of seven trustees, appointed in 
the first instance by the Corporation, holds the title to 
the property, and has general oversight of its vital in- 
terests. The expense of running the Union is about 
$30,000 a year, which includes about $2000 for ground 



163 



rent. Annual membership costs $10 for active, $6 for 
associate, and $3 for non-resident members ; life mem- 
bership for graduates is $50, and for students, $75. The 
present membership of the Union is about 4000. Of this 
number over 2000 are active student members and about 
1150 are life members. 

LITERARY AND SOCIAL CLUBS 

We come finally to a long list of clubs which, as a 
group, cannot be accurately described as either social or 
literary ; nor can they be accurately divided into literary 
and social. Nearly all of them began by being literary. 
The majority have ended by going over entirely to good 
fellowship, but even these frequently give their convivi- 
ality a traditional literary or dramatic form. Perhaps 
the best way to describe them as a group is to say that 
they are all social clubs, some of which retain literary 
features. 

In one, however, the Phi Beta Kappa, the social side 
is presented chiefly to the alumni members who gather at 
Cambridge the day after Commencement for the annual 
oration and poem, which are given in Sanders Theatre, 
and for the dinner, which was eaten in Massachusetts 
Hall until 1902, since when it has been served in the 
Union. To the undergraduate, membership is desirable 
chiefly as a formal mark of academic distinction. 

The Phi Beta Kappa, the first of the so-called " Greek 
letter" societies, originated at the College of William 
and Mary in Virginia in 1776. The Harvard Chapter 
was established by charter in 1781 and remained a secret 
society down to 1831. Its catalogue shows a long roll 
of eminent names, and many of the Phi Beta Kappa 



164 



addresses and poems have become famous ; examples are 
Emerson's address in 1837, Wendell Phillips's in 1881, 
and Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem in 1836. The speeches 
at the dinner are never reported. The immediate mem- 
bers are taken from the two higher classes, from each 
class thirty-five being chosen. 

Other clubs which, though really social, maintain an 
intellectual tone, are the O. K., which dates from 1858; 
the "Signet, which was founded in 1870, aiid in 1902 
moved into its present quarters, the former A. D. Club 
Hojse, on Mount Auburn and Dunster Streets, and the 
Amphadon, a comparative newcomer. These three choose 
their members from the upper classes, and are not rivals ; 
mem.bership in one of them does not debar a student from 
election to the others. The Delta Upsiion was organized 
in 1881, and is the strongest chapter the fraternity has. 
Its club house is at 12 Holyoke Place. Every spring, it 
produces a play, usually selected from the works of the 
P^hzabethan dramatists. 

There is also at Harvard a chapter of Theta Delta Chi, 
with a club house on Dunster and Winthrop Streets. The 
Kappa Gamma Chi Club was formerly the Harvard chap- 
ter of the fraternity by that name, but has now become 
local. Its club house is at 16 Prescott Street. There is 
also a Harvard chapter of Sigma Alpha P^psilon, and there 
are several clubs composed of men who have belonged to 
the same fraternities at other colleges previous to entering 
Harvard. But as a rule the Greek-letter societies at 
Harvard have no connection with other chapters through- 
out the country. 

For example, the Delta Kappa Epsilon at Harvard, 
better known as the Dickey, is the Sophomore secret 



165 



society from whose membership the more exclusive of 
the Junior and Senior societies are recruited ; and the 
Dickey is really the inner circle of a larger Sophomore 
society called the Institute of 1770. The Institute is the 
oldest of all the clubs now in existence, for its history 
extends back under different names to the year 1770, 
when the Speaking Club was founded. The object of this 
society was to provide an opportunity for practice in pubhc 
speaking and declamation. In 1801, the Speaking Club 
became the Patriotic Association, and later the Social 
Fraternity of 1770. In 1825, it united with two other 
clubs under the present name, and in 1848 the I. O. H. 
was also absorbed. Once a Senior society of literary pro- 
clivities holding its meetings in Massachusetts Hall, the 
Institute has gradually changed into a Sophomore society, 
has eliminated its literary features, and now maintains a 
club house of its own on Holyoke and Winthrop Streets. 
Its hundred members are chosen in groups of ten, and 
the first eight tens are members of the Dickey also. The 
custom is to " take out" each ten by marching around to 
the tune of the '"Institute March" and hauling the men 
out of their rooms. The Dickey is held responsible for 
most of the comical initiations witnessed on the streets of 
Cambridge and Boston, on the playgrounds between the 
halves of important athletic contests, and in various other 
places where the performances of the novitiate are sure of 
adequate appreciation. The Dickey has also given a 
number of dramatic exhibitions, usually comic operas. 

Of all the larger social clubs, however, the Hasty Pud- 
ding is doubtless the best known. Indeed, it is probably 
the best known college club in the country. It was 
founded in 1795, and takes its name from the frugal fare 



166 



on which its members still occasionally regale themselves. 
Its meetings were held for many years in the rooms of 
members, but in 1849 it obtained permanent quarters in 
Stoughton Hall, where at length a whole floor was given 
over to it. Here was a stage on which the dramatic per- 
formances which have brought the club its wide reputation 
used to be presented. 

In 1876, the Pudding moved into the wooden building 
on Holmes Field now used by the Astronomical Depart- 
ment. Its present club house, on Holyoke Street, was 
built in 1888. It has a theatre in the rear, and a con- 
siderable library. The plays are given first in the club 
house and afterwards in Boston. Nowadays, they usually 
take the comic opera form, the words and music being 
the work of mem])ers. Several of the Pudding " shows " 
have recommended themselves to professionals. Besides 
the plays, there are various peculiar usages and customs 
which give a quality of distinction to the good fellowship 
which is the club's main object and attraction. Its cata- 
logues almost vie with those of the Phi Beta Kappa in 
the matter of distinguished names. Its immediate mem- 
bers are all Seniors and Juniors. 

The Pi Eta Society was founded in 1865 by members 
of the Class of '66 who felt that the increasing size of the 
College warranted the formation of a second large Senior 
society. Its first quarters were on Brighton (now 
Boylston) Street. In 1873, it obtained rooms in Hollis, 
where it first began to give dramatic entertainments. 
Three years later, a fire caused a third removal, this time 
to Brattle Square. In 1894, the Society took possession 
of its present cUib house on Wiuthrop Square ; in 1897, a 
theatre was added. Formerly, the Pi Eta drew its mem- 



167 



bers from the Everett Athenaeum, a society no longer in 
existence, much as the Pudding draws its members chiefly 
from the Institute of 1770. At present, however, the 
Pi Eta takes in men from the three upper classes. Its 
plays are produced in Cambridge and Boston, and are 
usually the work of members. 

There remain a number of small social clubs, most of 
them with Greek-letter names, but without affiliation with 
chapters in other colleges. The oldest of these small 
clubs, and doubtless the best known, is the Porcellian, 
whose club house is on Massachusetts Avenue, nearly 
opposite Boylston Hall. It was founded in 1791 as the 
Pig Club, became the Gentlemen's Society the next year, 
and in 1794 took its present name. Its first rooms were 
in Stoughton ; the club house was built in 1891. As a 
rule, the members are wealthy students of social promi- 
nence. The club has a fine library. 

The A. D., whose club house is at the corner of 
Plympton Street and Massachusetts Avenue, and the 
Alpha Delta Phi, whose club house is at the corner of 
Mount Auburn Street and Holyoke Place, both trace their 
origin to a society founded in 1836 and called the Alpha 
Delta Phi. At one time, o.ving to Faculty opposition to 
secret societies, it had to conceal its existence. It then 
took the name A. D. At present, however, the two clubs 
are entirely separate. The Zeta Psi, which has held a 
place in the college social system not unlike that of the 
Alpha Delta Phi, dates from 1847. Its club house is at 
15 Holyoke Street. Other small clubs which possess 
houses of their own are the Delta Phi, the Sphinx, the 
Calumet, the Phi Delta Psi, and the Digamma. The 
number of these small and exclusive clubs, which take 



168 

their members chiefly from the rolls of the Institute and 
the Pudding, seems to be increasing. Formerly, they 
attached much importance to secrecy ; but the building 
of club houses seems to have worked a change in this 
respect. 

A general characteristic of all these social organizations 
at Harvard is the self-sufficing way in which, as a rule, 
they avoid mere noise and publicity. In this respect, they 
have a strong resemblance to the better sort of clubs in 
cities. The number of students seems to necessitate 
numerous clubs, and the tendency is to organize them on 
those lines of congeniality and common interests which 
determine social groupings in the great world. In the 
shaping of characters, and ultimately of careers, the social 
intercourse among students at Harvard plays a part 
scarcely less important than the instruction offered by 
the University. It breaks up the student body into 
various groups, which maintain a certain cohesion and 
consistency in after life. 

COMMENCEMENT AND CLASS DAY 

Of the student body as a whole, it may be said that 
it represents all but a very few elements of American citi- 
zenship, with a considerable foreign admixture. One 
never sees the whole of it at once ; but at the great 
athletic exhibitions, and on a few occasions of special 
academic interest, one may get a fair idea of what the 
whole would be like. 

The greatest occasions are Class Day and Commence- 
ment. Both have frequently been described in books, 
and in the main the descriptions hold good from year to 




"THE TREE' 



169 



year. Commencements have been held from the begin- 
ning, with a single break of seven years, from 1775 to 
1781, occasioned by the Revolutionary War. The chief 
features of the day are the ceremonies in Sanders Theatre, 
where a few "parts" are spoken by candidates for de- 
grees, and where the degrees, now more than a thousand 
in number each year, are conferred, the great gathering 
of Alumni in the Yard and of particular (graduate) 
classes in various rooms in the older buildings, the pro- 
cession in order of classes to Memorial, and the speeches 
there. 

The beginnings of Class Day are unknown. It is cele- 
brated on Friday of the week before Commencement. 
The Seniors, in caps and gowns, go to prayers together 
in Appleton Chapel, and later gather with their friends 
in Sanders, where the Class Orator speaks, and the Class 
Poet and Odist read their verses. "Spreads" are given 
in many places. In the afternoon, until 1898, there was 
always "The Tree," the most peculiar of Harvard cus- 
toms, whose origin, like that of Class Day, is unex- 
plained. The tree itself stands in the quadrangle partly 
enclosed by Harvard, Hollis, and Holden, and it stood 
there more than a hundred years ago, as an old engraving 
shows. On countless Class Day afternoons its trunk has 
been circled by a band of flowers, for which crowds of 
Seniors, attired in utterly disreputable raiment, have 
striven to the applause of fair spectators. But for 
various reasons "The Tree" was abandoned in 1898, 
and for several years an entirely new set of ceremonies 
was performed around the statue of John Harvard at the 
west end of Memorial Hall. Since 1904, however, the 
Stadium has been used for the afternoon exercises, and 



170 



forms an ample and picturesque gathering-place for the 
great company that streams down from the Yard and 
across the bridge. On the curving rows of stone seats 
are the ladies in a bewildering variety of summer cos- 
tumes. On the grassy semicircle below are disposed the 
graduates and undergraduates who have marched in by 
order of classes. The Seniors come last, and are greeted 
by rounds of cheers. The Ivy Orator displays his wit, 
and so excellent are the acoustic properties of the place 
that he can be heard by almost the whole company. 
The Seniors, gathered in the centre, sing their class 
song, cheer the athletic teams, the President and Dean, 
the several classes, and the Ladies, and finally, as the line 
marches about the enclosure, a storm of paper confetti 
breaks out, and long colored streamers float out into the 
air. As the latter fall upon the company, they are 
eagerly caught up, and in tangled masses are bandied 
back and forth in a gay and lively battle. 

The long line returns to the Yard and its vicinity. 
"Teas" are waiting in Society buildings, in private 
rooms, and in the more retired portions of the Yard. 

In the evening there is dancing in various halls ; the 
Yard is bedecked with Japanese lanterns and thronged 
with promenaders ; and in the midst of all is the Glee 
Club's stand, whence at last the strains of "Fair 
Harvard " announce to the class whose name is gleaming 
on the front of University that its college days are 
numbered. 



INDEX 



Agassiz Museum (The Uni- 
versity Museum) .... 101 
Appleton Chapel .... 22, 47 
Architecture Building ... 67 
Archives, The University . 61 
Arnold Arboretum . . . 12, 139 
Astronomical Observa- 
tory 12, 61, 12G 

Athletics 143 

Austin Hall (The Law 

School) 10, 121 

Base-ball 151 

Boat House, University . . 149 
Boat House, Weld .... 148 
Botanic Garden ... 12, 122 
Botany, Laboratories of 

108, 124, 126 
Boylston Hall (The Chemi- 
cal Laboratory) . . . 22, 45 
Brooks House, Phillips . 23, 35 

Bursar's Office 45 

Bussey Institution (The 

School of Agriculture) 11, 138 

Carey Building .... 96, 144 

Chemical Laboratories 

(Boylston Hall) 46 

Class Day 169 

Classical Antiquities, Col- 
lection of 33, 66 

Clubs 156 

" Educational .... 157 
" Literary and Social . 163 
" Miscellaneous . . . 159 

" Musical 159 

" Political 157 

" Practical 156 

" Religious 156 

'' Sectional 157 



College House 45 

Commencement 168 

Commons 42 

Conant Hall 100 

Corporation (The President 

and Fellows) 3 

Dane Hall 21, 44 

Dental School .... 10, 136 
Divinity School .... 9, 119 

^' Hall 120 

" Library Building . 120 
Dormitories 141 

Emerson Hall 23, 64 

Faculty of Arts and Sciences 8, 42 

Fence and Gates 24 

Fogg Art Museum, The 

William Hayes ... 23, 69 

Foot-ball 150 

Foxcroft House 91 

Gannett House 100 

Gates to the Yard .... 24 
Geography, Laboratories of 113 
Geology, Laboratories of . 113 
Germanic Museum .... 73 

Glass Flowers 107 

Gore Hall (The College 

Library) 22, 50 

Graduate Schools 7 

Gray Collection of Engrav- 
ings 72 

Gray Herbarium ... 12, 124 

Grays Hall 22, 43 

Gymnasium, The Hemen- 
way 93 

Harvard College, History of 1, 8 
Hall ... 15, 18, 32 



172 



Harvard University, Founda- 
tion, Constitution, 
and Departments 

of 1 

" Statue 90 

" Union .... 158, 160 

Hastings Hall 100 

Holden Chapel . . . . 17, 34 

Hollis Hall 18, 33 

Hohvorthy Hall . . . . 20, 40 

Holyoke House 44 

Hygiene, Laboratory of . . 92 

Jefferson Physical Labora- 
tory . . ^ 94 

Journalism 153 

Langdell Hall 10, 121 

Law School 10, 121 

Lawrence Hall 92 

Lawrence Scientific School 8 

Library 12, 22, 50 

Arnold Arboretum . . 140 
Bussey Institution (Ag- 
riculture) 138 

Child Memorial (Eng- 
lish) 62 

Chemistry 46 

Classics 32 

Dental School . . . .137 
Divinity School ... 120 

Economics 33 

Education Department 93 
Engineering .... 99 

French 63 

Germanic Languages 

and Literatures . . 62 
Gray Herbarium (Bot- 
any) 125 

History and Govern- 
ment 33 

Indie Philology ... 63 
Law School . '. . . .121 
Mathematics- .... 66 

Philosophy 64 

Romance Philology . . 63 
Semitic 117 



Library Social Ethics .... 65 
' ' Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoology . . . 105 

Locker Building 144 

Lowell, J. R., Bust of . . . 31 

Massachusetts Hall . . . 16,31 

Matthews Hall 23, 44 

Medical School . . . . 10, 130 

Memorial Hall 23,74 

Metallography, Laboratory of 98 
Mineralogy and Petrography, 

Laboratories of . . . 109, 112 
Museum, Botanical .... 107 
" ComparatiA^e Zool- 



ogy 



12, 102 



-^ "gS ^^ 

Geological . . . 


113 


Germanic . . . . 


73 


Mineralogical . . 


109 


Peabody ... 12, 


114 


Semitic 


117 


Social 


65 


University . . 12, 


101 


Warren Anatomi- 




cal 


133 



New Lecture Hall, The . . 91 
Newell Gate 144 

Observatory, Astronomi- 
cal . 12, 61, 126 

Overseers, Board of ... . 3 

Palaeontology, Laboratory of 105 
Peabody Museum of Ameri- 
can Archaeology and Eth- 
nology 11, 114 

Perkins Hall 100 

Physical Laboratory, Jeffer- 
son 94 

Pierce Hall 98 

Preachers to the L'liiver- 

sity 44, 49 

President and Fellows, The . 3 
President's House, The . . 61 



173 



Psychological Laboratory . (56 
Publication Office .... 42 

Randall Collection of En- 
gravings 72 

Randall Hall 90 

Robinson Hall 23, 67 

Rogers Building 73 

Rotch Building (The Old 

Carey Building) .... 96 
Rowing 147 

Sanders Theatre 75 

Semitic Museum .... 117 

Sever Hall 23,66 

Simpkins Laboratories ... 97 

Soldier's Field 143 

Stadium, The 145, 170 

Stillman Infirmary, Tlie . . 129 
Storrow Laboratory .... 97 



Stoughton Hall ... 15, 20, 34 
Summer School 11 

Thayer Hall 23,41 

Track Athletics 152 

Tree, The Class Day . . .169 

University Hall 20,41 

Wadsworth House . . . . 17, 43 
Walker, Pres., Mural Monu- 
ment 47 

Warren House 62 

Weld Boat House 148 

Weld Hall 23, 42 

Yard, The College . . .13 

Zoology, Laboratory of . . 105 



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